A computationally efficient, exploratory approach to brain connectivity incorporating false discovery rate control, a priori knowledge, and group inference
Summary: Graphical models appear well suited for inferring brain connectivity from fMRI data, as they can distinguish between direct and indirect brain connectivity. Nevertheless, biological interpretation requires not only that the multivariate time series are adequately modeled, but also that there is accurate error-control of the inferred edges. The PC\(_{\text{fdr}}\) algorithm, developed by \textit{J. Li} and \textit{Z.J.Wang} [J. Machine Learn. 10, 475--510 (2009)], was to provide a computationally efficient means to control the false discovery rate (FDR) of computed edges asymptotically. The original PC\(_{\text{fdr}}\) algorithm was unable to accommodate a priori information about connectivity and was designed to infer connectivity from a single subject rather than a group of subjects. We extend the original PC\(_{\text{fdr}}\) algorithm and propose a multisubject, error-rate-controlled brain connectivity modeling approach that allows incorporation of prior knowledge of connectivity. In simulations, we show that the two proposed extensions can still control the FDR around or below a specified threshold. When the proposed approach is applied to fMRI data in a Parkinson disease study, we find robust group evidence of the disease-related changes, the compensatory changes, and the normalizing effect of L-dopa medication. The proposed method provides a robust, accurate, and practical method for the assessment of brain connectivity patterns from functional neuroimaging data.
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