Universality and Cesàro summability
approximation in the complex domainboundary behavior of power seriesCesàro summabilityuniversal Taylor series
Power series (including lacunary series) in one complex variable (30B10) Boundary behavior of power series in one complex variable; over-convergence (30B30) Approximation in the complex plane (30E10) Universal Taylor series in one complex variable (30K05) Cesàro, Euler, Nörlund and Hausdorff methods (40G05)
A function \(f\) that is holomorphic on an open set \(\Omega\) is said to be universal at the point \(\zeta\in\Omega\) if for every compact set \(K\subset\mathbb{C}\setminus \Omega\) with connected complement and for every function \(g\) continuous on \(K\) and holomorphic in the interior of \(K\) there exists a strictly increasing sequence \((\lambda_n)\) of natural numbers such that \[ \displaystyle\lim_{n\rightarrow +\infty} \sup_{z\in K}| S_{\lambda_n}(f,\zeta)(z)-g(z)|=0, \] where \(S_N(f,\zeta)\) denotes the \(N\)th-partial sum of the Taylor development of \(f\) at the point \(\zeta.\) It is well known that there exist universal functions when \(\Omega\neq \mathbb{C}\) is a simply connected domain in \(\mathbb{C}\). Moreover the Taylor series with center \(\zeta\in \Omega\) of such universal functions are not \((C,a)\)-summable for every \(a\geq 1\) at any point of the boundary \(\partial \Omega\) of \(\Omega\) [\textit{A. Melas} and \textit{V. Nestoridis}, Adv. Math. 157, No. 2, 138--176 (2001; Zbl 0985.30023)]. On the other hand, \textit{W. Gehlen} et al. [Complex Variables, Theory Appl. 41, No. 1, 81--90 (2000; Zbl 1020.30004)] proved that universal Taylor series do not exist in bounded non-simply connected domains. First, in the opposite direction, the authors prove the following result announced in [C. R. Math. Acad. Sci. Paris 347, No. 7--8, 363--367 (2009; Zbl 1218.30003)]: Let \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{C}\) be a domain, \(\Omega\neq\mathbb{C}\), \(\zeta\in\Omega\), \[ R=\text{dist}(\zeta,\Omega^c)\in (0,+\infty),\; \; C(\zeta,R)=\{z\in\mathbb C\:\;|\zeta-z|=R\},\;\;\text{and}\;\; J(\Omega,\zeta)=\Omega^c\cap C(\zeta,R). \] Then there exists \(f\in H(\Omega)\) such that the sequence \(S_N(f,\zeta)(z)\), \(N=0,1,\dots\), approximates any polynomial uniformly on each compact set \(K\subset J(\Omega,\zeta)\) with \(\mathbb{C}\setminus K\) connected. The set of such universal functions is a \(G_\delta\)-dense subset of \(H(\Omega)\) and contains a dense vector subspace minus the zero element. Then, they give sufficient conditions on the compact set \(K\) defined in the previous statement and \(z_0\in K\) which guarantee that the above universal Taylor series is not \((C,a)\)-summable for every \(a>-1\) at \(z_0.\) To do this, they use Rogosinski's formula and its technical improvements. Conversely if \(\Omega=\{z\in\mathbb{C};\;| z|<1\}\) and \(K\) is a finite subset of \(\{z\in\mathbb{C};\;| z|\geq 1\},\) they give an example of a Taylor series \(\sum_{n\geq 0}c_nz^n\) in \(\Omega\) which is universal with respect to \(K\) and \((C,1)\)-summable at every point \(z\in K\) with \(| z|=1\). The paper is very well written and provides lots of examples.
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