Lucas atoms

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2020.107387zbMATH Open1470.11029arXiv1909.02593OpenAlexW4205487601MaRDI QIDQ2006093FDOQ2006093

Jordan Olliver Tirrell, Bruce E. Sagan

Publication date: 8 October 2020

Published in: Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: Given two variables $s$ and $t$, the associated sequence of Lucas polynomials is defined inductively by $0=0$, $1=1$, and $n=sn-1+tn-2$ for $nge2$. An integer (e.g., a Catalan number) defined by an expression of the form $pro{d}_i{n}_i/pro{d}_j{k}_j$ has a Lucas analogue obtained by replacing each factor with the corresponding Lucas polynomial. There has been interest in deciding when such expressions, which are a priori only rational functions, are actually polynomials in $s,t$. The approaches so far have been combinatorial. We introduce a powerful algebraic method for answering this question by factoring $n=pro{d}_{d|n}{P}_d(s,t)$, where we call the polynomials $P_d(s,t)$ Lucas atoms. This permits us to show that the Lucas analogues of the Fuss-Catalan and Fuss-Narayana numbers for all irreducible Coxeter groups are polynomials in $s,t$. Using gamma expansions, a technique which has recently become popular in combinatorics and geometry, one can show that the Lucas atoms have a close relationship with cyclotomic polynomials $Ph{i}_d(q)$. Certain results about the $Ph{i}_d(q)$ can then be lifted to Lucas atoms. In particular, one can prove analogues of theorems of Gauss and Lucas, deduce reduction formulas, and evaluate the $P_d(s,t)$ at various specific values of the variables.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.02593

zbMATH Keywords

Catalan numberCoxeter groupcyclotomic polynomialgamma expansionreduction formulaLucas polynomial

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Polynomials in number theory (11C08) Factorials, binomial coefficients, combinatorial functions (05A10) Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and polynomials and generalizations (11B39) Binomial coefficients; factorials; (q)-identities (11B65) Polynomials (irreducibility, etc.) (11R09)

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Cited In (7)

• Positivity of Narayana polynomials and Eulerian polynomials
• Positivity and divisibility of enumerators of alternating descents
• Elliptic and \(q\)-analogs of the fibonomial numbers
• On the properties of fibotomic polynomials
• Interview with Bruce Sagan
• A combinatorial proof of a formula for the Lucas-Narayana polynomials
• Multivariable Lucas Polynomials and Lucanomials

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