Lucas atoms

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2020.107387MaRDI QIDQ2006093zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Bruce E. Sagan, Jordan Olliver Tirrell

Publication date 8 October 2020

Published in Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.02593

zbMATH Keywords

Catalan numberCoxeter groupcyclotomic polynomialgamma expansionreduction formulaLucas polynomial

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Polynomials in number theory (11C08) Factorials, binomial coefficients, combinatorial functions (05A10) Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and polynomials and generalizations (11B39) Binomial coefficients; factorials; (q)-identities (11B65) Polynomials (irreducibility, etc.) (11R09)

Abstract: Given two variables $s$ and $t$, the associated sequence of Lucas polynomials is defined inductively by $0=0$, $1=1$, and $n=sn-1+tn-2$ for $nge2$. An integer (e.g., a Catalan number) defined by an expression of the form $pro{d}_i{n}_i/pro{d}_j{k}_j$ has a Lucas analogue obtained by replacing each factor with the corresponding Lucas polynomial. There has been interest in deciding when such expressions, which are a priori only rational functions, are actually polynomials in $s,t$. The approaches so far have been combinatorial. We introduce a powerful algebraic method for answering this question by factoring $n=pro{d}_{d|n}{P}_d(s,t)$, where we call the polynomials $P_d(s,t)$ Lucas atoms. This permits us to show that the Lucas analogues of the Fuss-Catalan and Fuss-Narayana numbers for all irreducible Coxeter groups are polynomials in $s,t$. Using gamma expansions, a technique which has recently become popular in combinatorics and geometry, one can show that the Lucas atoms have a close relationship with cyclotomic polynomials $Ph{i}_d(q)$. Certain results about the $Ph{i}_d(q)$ can then be lifted to Lucas atoms. In particular, one can prove analogues of theorems of Gauss and Lucas, deduce reduction formulas, and evaluate the $P_d(s,t)$ at various specific values of the variables.

Recommendations

• Combinatorial interpretations of Lucas analogues of binomial coefficients and Catalan numbers
• Multivariable Lucas polynomials and lucanomials
• Lucasnomial Fuss-Catalan numbers and related divisibility questions
• Combinatorial Interpretations of Binomial Coefficient Analogues Related to Lucas Sequences
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3435600

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• Combinatorial Interpretations of Binomial Coefficient Analogues Related to Lucas Sequences
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• Combinatorial interpretations of Lucas analogues of binomial coefficients and Catalan numbers
• Gamma-positivity in combinatorics and geometry
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• Prime numbers and computer methods for factorization.
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Cited in

(12)

• Positivity of Narayana polynomials and Eulerian polynomials
• Multivariate Lucas polynomials and ideal classes in quadratic number fields
• Combinatorial interpretations of Lucas analogues of binomial coefficients and Catalan numbers
• Lucasnomial Fuss-Catalan numbers and related divisibility questions
• Divisors and specializations of Lucas polynomials
• Positivity and divisibility of enumerators of alternating descents
• Multivariable Lucas polynomials and lucanomials
• Elliptic and \(q\)-analogs of the fibonomial numbers
• Multinomial Catalan numbers and Lucas analogues
• On the properties of fibotomic polynomials
• Interview with Bruce Sagan
• A combinatorial proof of a formula for the Lucas-Narayana polynomials

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