Periodic ellipsoidal billiard trajectories and extremal polynomials

DOI10.1007/S00220-019-03552-YMaRDI QIDQ2008953zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Vladimir Dragović, Milena Radnović

Publication date 26 November 2019

Published in Communications in Mathematical Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.02515

zbMATH Keywords

Pell equationsperiodic trajectoriesgeneralized Chebyshev polynomialsextremal polynomialsellipsoidal billiardsPadé approximation

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Periodic orbits of vector fields and flows (37C27) Other special orthogonal polynomials and functions (33C47) Dynamical systems with singularities (billiards, etc.) (37C83)

Abstract: A comprehensive study of periodic trajectories of billiards within ellipsoids in $d$-dimensional Euclidean space is presented. The novelty of the approach is based on a relationship established between periodic billiard trajectories and extremal polynomials on the systems of $d$ intervals on the real line. By leveraging deep, but yet not widely known results of the Krein-Levin-Nudelman theory of generalized Chebyshev polynomials, fundamental properties of billiard dynamics are proven for any $d$, viz., that the sequences of winding numbers are monotonic. By employing the potential theory we prove the injectivity of the frequency map. As a byproduct, for $d=2$ a new proof of the monotonicity of the rotation number is obtained. The case study of trajectories of small periods $T$, $dleTle2d$ is given. In particular, it is proven that all $d$-periodic trajectories are contained in a coordinate-hyperplane and that for a given ellipsoid, there is a unique set of caustics which generates $d+1$-periodic trajectories. A complete catalog of billiard trajectories with small periods is provided for $d=3$.

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Cited in

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• Finiteness theorems on elliptical billiards and a variant of the dynamical Mordell–Lang conjecture
• Resonance of ellipsoidal billiard trajectories and extremal rational functions
• Topology of cylic configuration spaces and periodic trajectories of multi-dimensional billiards
• Periodic billiards within conics in the Minkowski plane and Akhiezer polynomials
• Billiard partitions, Fibonacci sequences, SIP classes, and quivers
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• Deformations of the Zolotarev polynomials and Painlevé VI equations
• The frequency map for billiards inside ellipsoids
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