Multidimensional scaling and visualization of patterns in distribution of nontrivial zeros of the zeta-function

DOI10.1016/J.CNSNS.2021.105924MaRDI QIDQ2045971zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Yuri Luchko, José A. Tenreiro Machado

Publication date 16 August 2021

Published in Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.07119

zbMATH Keywords

complex systemsdistribution of zerosLorentzian metricRiemann's zeta-functionmultidimensional scaling algorithmperiodical patternszeros of zeta-function

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Factor analysis and principal components; correspondence analysis (62H25) (zeta (s)) and (L(s, chi)) (11M06) Nonreal zeros of (zeta (s)) and (L(s, chi)); Riemann and other hypotheses (11M26) Analytic computations (11Y35)

Abstract: In this paper, we analyze the nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta-function using the multidimensional scaling (MDS) algorithm and computational visualization features. The nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta-function as well as the vectors with several neighboring zeros are interpreted as the basic elements (points or objects) of a data set. Then we employ a variety of different metrics, such as the Euclidean and Lorentzian ones, to calculate the distances between the objects. The set of the calculated distances is then processed by the MDS algorithm that produces the loci, organized according to the objects features. Then they are analyzed from the perspective of the emerging patterns. Surprisingly, in the case of the Lorentzian metric, this procedure leads to the very clear periodical structures both in the case of the objects in form of the single nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta-function and in the case of the vectors with a given number of neighboring zeros. The other tested metrics do not produce such periodical structures, but rather chaotic ones. In this paper, we restrict ourselves to numerical experiments and the visualization of the produced results. An analytical explanation of the obtained periodical structures is an open problem worth for investigation by the experts in the analytical number theory.

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Cited in

(4)

• Geometric Patterns in Uniform Distribution of Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function
• Phase Portraits of Bi-dimensional Zeta Values
• Multidimensional scaling and visualization of patterns in prime numbers
• Deep multimodal autoencoder for crack criticality assessment

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