On the second variation of the biharmonic Clifford torus in S^4

DOI10.1007/S10455-022-09869-7MaRDI QIDQ2084899zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Stefano Montaldo, Cezar Oniciuc, Andrea Ratto

Publication date 13 October 2022

Published in Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.10415

zbMATH Keywords

indexsecond variationbiharmonic immersionsnullity

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Harmonic maps, etc. (58E20) Differential geometric aspects of harmonic maps (53C43)

Abstract: The flat torus $mathbbT={mathbbS}^{1}left(frac12ight)imes{mathbbS}^{1}left(frac12ight)$ admits a proper biharmonic isometric immersion into the unit $4$-dimensional sphere ${mathbbS}^4$ given by $Phi=icircvarphi$, where $varphi:mathbbTo{mathbbS}^3(frac1sqrt2)$ is the minimal Clifford torus and $i:{mathbbS}^3(frac1sqrt2)o{mathbbS}^4$ is the biharmonic small hypersphere. The first goal of this paper is to compute the biharmonic index and nullity of the proper biharmonic immersion $Phi$. After, we shall study in the detail the kernel of the generalised Jacobi operator $I_2^{P}hi$. We shall prove that it contains a direction which admits a natural variation with vanishing first, second and third derivatives, and such that the fourth derivative is negative. In the second part of the paper we shall analyse the specific contribution of $varphi$ to the biharmonic index and nullity of $Phi$. In this context, we shall study a more general composition $ildePhi=ildevarphicirci$, where $ildevarphi:M^{m}o{mathbbS}^{n-1}(frac1sqrt2)$, $mgeq1$, $ngeq3$, is a minimal immersion and $i:{mathbbS}^{n-1}(frac1sqrt2)o{mathbbS}^n$ is the biharmonic small hypersphere. First, we shall determine a general sufficient condition which ensures that the second variation of $ildePhi$ is nonnegatively defined on $$. Then we complete this type of analysis on our Clifford torus and, as a complementary result, we obtain the $p$-harmonic index and nullity of $varphi$. In the final section we compare our general results with those which can be deduced from the study of the equivariant second variation.

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Cited in

(1)

• Polyharmonic hypersurfaces into complex space forms

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