Diophantine triples and K3 surfaces

DOI10.1016/J.JNT.2021.07.009zbMATH Open1492.14057arXiv2101.11705OpenAlexW3194684418WikidataQ114156817 ScholiaQ114156817MaRDI QIDQ2116741FDOQ2116741

Bartosz Naskrȩcki, Matija Kazalicki

Publication date: 18 March 2022

Published in: Journal of Number Theory (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: A Diophantine $m$-tuple with elements in the field $K$ is a set of $m$ non-zero (distinct) elements of $K$ with the property that the product of any two distinct elements is one less than a square in $K$. Let $X:(x^2-1)(y^2-1)(z^2-1)=k^2,$ be a threefold. Its $K$-rational points parametrize Diophantine triples over $K$ such that the product of the elements of the triple that corresponds to the point $(x,y,z,k)inX(K)$ is equal to $k$. We denote by $overlineX$ the projective closure of $X$ and for a fixed $k$ by $X_k$ a variety defined by the same equation as $X$. We prove that the variety $overlineX$ is birational to $mathbb{P}^3$ which leads us to a new rational parametrization of the set of Diophantine triples. Next, specializing to finite fields, we find a correspondence between a K3 surface $X_k$ for a given $kinmathbb{F}_p^{imes}$ in the prime field $mathbb{F}_p$ of odd characteristic and an abelian surface which is a product of two elliptic curves $E_{k}imes{E}_k$ where $E_k:y^2=x(k^2(1+k^2{)}^3+2(1+k^2{)}^{2}x+x^2)$. We derive a formula for $N(p,k)$, the number of Diophantine triples over $mathbb{F}_p$ with the product of elements equal to $k$. We show that the variety $overlineX$ admits a fibration by rational elliptic surfaces and from it we derive the formula for the number of points on $overlineX$ over an arbitrary finite field $mathbb{F}_q$. We reprove the formula for the number of Diophantine triples over $mathbb{F}_q$ from Dujella-Kazalicki(2021). We derive the formula for the second moment of the elliptic surface $E_k$ (and thus confirming Steven J. Miller's Bias conjecture in this particular case) which we describe in terms of Fourier coefficients of a rational newform generating $S_4(Gamm{a}_0(8))$. Finally, in the Appendix, Luka Lasi'c defines circular Diophantine $m$-tuples, and describes the parametrization of these sets.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.11705

zbMATH Keywords

\(K3\) surfaceselliptic curveselliptic surfaceshigher momentsDiophantine tuplesbias conjecture

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Elliptic curves over global fields (11G05) (K3) surfaces and Enriques surfaces (14J28) Quadratic and bilinear Diophantine equations (11D09) Elliptic curves (14H52)

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Cited In (2)

• On the number of Diophantine \(m\)-tuples in finite fields
• On elliptic curves induced by rational Diophantine quadruples

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