From randomness in two symbols to randomness in three symbols

DOI10.2478/UDT-2021-0010zbMATH Open1484.11162arXiv1711.04110OpenAlexW2770478981MaRDI QIDQ2129369FDOQ2129369

Authors: Ariel Zylber 

Publication date: 22 April 2022

Published in: Uniform distribution theory (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: In 1909 Borel defined normality as a notion of randomness of the digits of the representation of a real number over certain base (fractional expansion). If we think the representation of a number over a base as an infinite sequence of symbols from a finite alphabet $A$, we can define normality directly for words of symbols of $A$: A word $x$ is normal to the alphabet $A$ if every finite block of symbols from $A$ appears with the same asymptotic frequency in $x$ as every other block of the same length. Many examples of normal words have been found since its definition, being Champernowne in 1933 the first to show an explicit and simple instance. Moreover, it has been characterized how we can select subsequences of a normal word $x$ preserving its normality, always leaving the alphabet $A$ fixed. In this work we consider the dual problem which consists of inserting symbols in infinite positions of a given word, in such a way that normality is preserved. Specifically, given a symbol $s$ that is not present on the original alphabet $A$ and given a word $x$ that is normal to the alphabet $A$ we solve how to insert the symbol $s$ in infinite positions of the word $x$ such that the resulting word is normal to the expanded alphabet $Acups$.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04110

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zbMATH Keywords

combinatorics on wordsnormal numbersChampernowne number

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Permutations, words, matrices (05A05) Normal numbers, radix expansions, Pisot numbers, Salem numbers, good lattice points, etc. (11K16)

Cites Work

• Normal numbers and selection rules
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• Distribution modulo one and Diophantine approximation
• The asymptotic distribution of the numerals in the decimal representation of the squares of the natural numbers
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• Normal Numbers and Computer Science
• Uncanny Subsequence Selections That Generate Normal Numbers

Cited In (2)

• Caractérisation des ensembles normaux substitutifs. (Characterization of normal substitutional sets)
• Insertion in constructed normal numbers

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