Watermarking PRFs against quantum adversaries

DOI10.1007/978-3-031-07082-2_18zbMATH Open1502.81028arXiv2205.11034OpenAlexW4281493252MaRDI QIDQ2170100FDOQ2170100

Authors: Fuyuki Kitagawa, Ryo Nishimaki 

Publication date: 30 August 2022

Abstract: We initiate the study of software watermarking against quantum adversaries. A quantum adversary generates a quantum state as a pirate software that potentially removes an embedded message from a classical marked software. Extracting an embedded message from quantum pirate software is difficult since measurement could irreversibly alter the quantum state. In this work, we define secure watermarking PRFs for quantum adversaries (unremovability against quantum adversaries). We also present two watermarking PRFs as follows. - We construct a privately extractable watermarking PRF against quantum adversaries from the quantum hardness of the learning with errors (LWE) problem. The marking and extraction algorithms use a public parameter and a private extraction key, respectively. The watermarking PRF is unremovable even if adversaries have (the public parameter and) access to the extraction oracle, which returns a result of extraction for a queried quantum circuit. - We construct a publicly extractable watermarking PRF against quantum adversaries from indistinguishability obfuscation (IO) and the quantum hardness of the LWE problem. The marking and extraction algorithms use a public parameter and a public extraction key, respectively. The watermarking PRF is unremovable even if adversaries have the extraction key (and the public parameter). We develop a quantum extraction technique to extract information (a classical string) from a quantum state without destroying the state too much. We also introduce the notion of extraction-less watermarking PRFs as a crucial building block to achieve the results above by combining the tool with our quantum extraction technique.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.11034

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Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Cryptography (94A60) Quantum computation (81P68) Quantum measurement theory, state operations, state preparations (81P15) Quantum state spaces, operational and probabilistic concepts (81P16) Quantum cryptography (quantum-theoretic aspects) (81P94)

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Cited In (6)

• Public key encryption with secure key leasing
• Collusion resistant copy-protection for watermarkable functionalities
• Tracing quantum state distinguishers via backtracking
• Obfuscation of pseudo-deterministic quantum circuits
• Watermarking PRFs and PKE against quantum adversaries
• One-out-of-many unclonable cryptography: definitions, constructions, and more

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