An analysis of training and generalization errors in shallow and deep networks
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Abstract: This paper is motivated by an open problem around deep networks, namely, the apparent absence of over-fitting despite large over-parametrization which allows perfect fitting of the training data. In this paper, we analyze this phenomenon in the case of regression problems when each unit evaluates a periodic activation function. We argue that the minimal expected value of the square loss is inappropriate to measure the generalization error in approximation of compositional functions in order to take full advantage of the compositional structure. Instead, we measure the generalization error in the sense of maximum loss, and sometimes, as a pointwise error. We give estimates on exactly how many parameters ensure both zero training error as well as a good generalization error. We prove that a solution of a regularization problem is guaranteed to yield a good training error as well as a good generalization error and estimate how much error to expect at which test data.
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Cited in
(14)- A jamming transition from under- to over-parametrization affects generalization in deep learning
- Error Analysis and Improving the Accuracy of Winograd Convolution for Deep Neural Networks
- Strong overall error analysis for the training of artificial neural networks via random initializations
- Learning the mapping \(\mathbf{x}\mapsto \sum\limits_{i=1}^d x_i^2\): the cost of finding the needle in a haystack
- Applied harmonic analysis and data processing. Abstracts from the workshop held March 25--31, 2018
- A direct approach for function approximation on data defined manifolds
- Over-parametrized deep neural networks minimizing the empirical risk do not generalize well
- Scaling description of generalization with number of parameters in deep learning
- Overparameterization and generalization error: weighted trigonometric interpolation
- Theoretical issues in deep networks
- Quantifying the generalization error in deep learning in terms of data distribution and neural network smoothness
- Generalization Error in Deep Learning
- Full error analysis for the training of deep neural networks
- Smaller generalization error derived for a deep residual neural network compared with shallow networks
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