Intermediate dimensions

DOI10.1007/S00209-019-02452-0MaRDI QIDQ2197674zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Jonathan M. Fraser, Tom Kempton, Kenneth J. Falconer

Publication date 1 September 2020

Published in Mathematische Zeitschrift (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.06493

zbMATH Keywords

box dimension Hausdorff dimension self-affine carpet

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Hausdorff and packing measures (28A78) Fractals (28A80) Dimension theory of smooth dynamical systems (37C45)

Abstract: We introduce a continuum of dimensions which are `intermediate' between the familiar Hausdorff and box dimensions. This is done by restricting the families of allowable covers in the definition of Hausdorff dimension by insisting that

| U | l e q | V |^{h} e t a

for all sets

U, V

used in a particular cover, where

h e t a i n [0, 1]

is a parameter. Thus, when

h e t a = 1

only covers using sets of the same size are allowable, and we recover the box dimensions, and when

h e t a = 0

there are no restrictions, and we recover Hausdorff dimension. We investigate many properties of the intermediate dimension (as a function of

h e t a

), including proving that it is continuous on

(0, 1]

but not necessarily continuous at

0

, as well as establishing appropriate analogues of the mass distribution principle, Frostman's lemma, and the dimension formulae for products. We also compute, or estimate, the intermediate dimensions of some familiar sets, including sequences formed by negative powers of integers, and Bedford-McMullen carpets.

Review text

In the paper, the authors introduce the family of dimensions of a nonempty bounded set \({F\subset\mathbb{R}^n}\) as follows. For any \({0\leq\theta\leq1}\) \textit{the lower/upper \(\theta\)-intermediate dimension of} \(F\) are defined as \begin{multline*} {\underline{\mathrm{dim}}}{\,}_\theta F=\inf\Bigl\{s\geq0:\ \text{for all}\ \ {\varepsilon>0}\ \ \text{and all}\ \ {\delta_0>0,}\\ \ \text{there exists}\ {0<\delta\leq\delta_0}\ \text{and a cover}\ \{U_i\}\ \text{of}\ F\\ \text{such that}\ {\delta^{1/\theta}\leq|U_i|\leq\delta}\ \text{and}\ {\sum|U_i|^s\leq\varepsilon}\Bigr\}, \end{multline*} \begin{multline*} {\overline{\mathrm{dim}}\,}_\theta F=\inf\Bigl\{s\geq0:\ \text{for all}\ \ {\varepsilon>0}\ \ \text{there exists}\ \ {\delta_0>0,}\ \ \text{such that}\\ \text{for all}\ {0<\delta\leq\delta_0}, \text{there is a cover}\ \{U_i\}\ \text{of}\ F\\ \text{such that}\ {\delta^{1/\theta}\leq|U_i|\leq\delta}\ \text{and}\ {\sum|U_i|^s\leq\varepsilon}\Bigr\}, \end{multline*} where \(|U|\) denotes the diameter of \(U.\) The boundary values of \(\theta\) give the Hausdorff and box dimensions consequently: \[ {\underline{\mathrm{dim}}}{\,}_0 F={\mathrm{\overline{dim}}\,}_0F={\mathrm{dim}\,}_HF,\ \ {\underline{\mathrm{dim}}}{\,}_1 F={\underline{\mathrm{dim}}}{\,}_B F,\ \ {\mathrm{\overline{dim}}\,}_1 F={\mathrm{\overline{dim}}\,}_B F. \] The authors show that the intermediate dimension as function of \(\theta\) is a continuous function on \((0,1]\) but not necessarily continuous at 0. There are also established analogues of the mass distribution principle, Frostman's lemma, estimates of dimension for products and a relation to the Assouad dimension. For some examples including sequences of negative powers of integers and Bedford-McMullen carpets, there is computed or estimated the intermediate dimension and is focused of attention on its different properties.

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