Genuine Bianchi modular forms of higher level at varying weight and discriminant

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Publication:2199487



Abstract: Bianchi modular forms are automorphic forms over an imaginary quadratic field, associated to a Bianchi group. Even though modern studies of Bianchi modular forms go back to the mid 1960's, most of the fundamental problems surrounding their theory are still wide open. Only for certain types of Bianchi modular forms, which we will call non-genuine, it is possible at present to develop dimension formulas: They are (twists of) those forms which arise from elliptic cuspidal modular forms via the Langlands Base-Change procedure, or arise from a quadratic extension of the imaginary quadratic field via automorphic induction (so-called CM-forms). The remaining Bianchi modular forms are what we call genuine, and they are of interest for an extension of the modularity theorem (formerly the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture, crucial in the proof of Femat's Last Theorem) to imaginary quadratic fields. In a preceding paper by Rahm and Sengun, an extreme paucity of genuine cuspidal Bianchi modular forms has been reported, but those and other computations were restricted to level One. In this paper, we are extending the formulas for the non-genuine Bianchi modular forms to deeper levels, and we are able to spot the first, rare instances of genuine forms at deeper level and heavier weight.


Bianchi modular forms can be roughly defined as functions on the Lie group \(\mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbb C)\), with values in the irreducible representations of \(\mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbb C)\), which are invariant under the left-action of a congruence subgroup of a Bianchi group \(\mathrm{GL}_2(\mathcal O_K)\) with \(\mathcal O_K\) a ring of imaginary quadratic integers, equivariant under the right-action of the unitary group \(\mathrm U(2)\) and under the action of the center. For certain representations (and with a coherent choice of character for the center) they can be interpreted as cohomology classes on the quotient hyperbolic 3-orbifold associated with the arithmetic groups. This can be used to perform exact computations for the dimensions of these spaces, using a cellular structure for a deformation retract of the orbifold. Among these forms are the analogues of the Eisenstein series. The remainder, the so-called cuspidal forms which vanish to high order in the cusps of the orbifold, cannot be described uniformly, in contrast to the classical case (modular forms for \(\mathrm{PSL}_2(\mathbb Z)\) and its congruence subgroups) where an exact dimension formula is available. Still there are various explicit constructions for them, for instance the Langlands base-change operation associates Bianchi modular forms of weight \((k, k)\) to classical modular forms. This can also be twisted via characters of the class-group. Finally there is another explicit construction via power series (``CM-forms). It has been remarked via explicit computation of homology groups on small examples that there may also occur ``genuine forms which do not arise from any of these constructions. Since there are formulas for the dimensions of the subspaces of base-change or CM-forms the dimension of these genuine forms can in principle be computed; the present paper details such an approach, with effective formulas that can be implemented. The authors also give the results of a systematic search for genuine forms for small discriminant, weights and level. These exhibit a relative paucity of such forms but they still find many new examples where they do appear.





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