Orthogonal sequences constructed from quasi-orthogonal ultraspherical polynomials

DOI10.1007/S11075-019-00824-5zbMATH Open1458.33007arXiv1905.04276OpenAlexW2998097796WikidataQ126396073 ScholiaQ126396073MaRDI QIDQ2200792FDOQ2200792

Authors: O. Bigun, Kathy Driver 

Publication date: 22 September 2020

Published in: Numerical Algorithms (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: Let $displaystyle{x_{k,n-1}}_{k=1}^{n-1}$ and $displaystyle{x_{k,n}}_{k=1}^n,$ $ninmathbbN$, be two sets of real, distinct points satisfying the interlacing property $x_{i,n}<x_{i,n-1}<x_{i+1,n},,,,i=1,2,dots,n-1.$ Wendroff proved that if $p_{n-1}(x)=displaystylepro{d}_{k=1}^{n-1}(x-x_{k,n-1})$ and $p_n(x)=displaystylepro{d}_{k=1}^n(x-x_{k,n})$, then $p_{n-1}$ and $p_n$ can be embedded in a non-unique monic orthogonal sequence ${p_n}_{n=0}^{i}nfty.$ We investigate a question raised by Mourad Ismail at OPSFA 2015 as to the nature and properties of orthogonal sequences generated by applying Wendroff's Theorem to the interlacing zeros of $C_{n-1}^{lambda}(x)$ and $(x^2-1)C_{n-2}^{lambda}(x)$, where ${C_k^{lambda}(x)}_{k=0}^{i}nfty$ is a sequence of monic ultraspherical polynomials and $-3/2<lambda<-1/2,$ $lambdaeq-1.$ We construct an algorithm for generating infinite monic orthogonal sequences ${D_k^{lambda}(x)}_{k=0}^{i}nfty$ from the two polynomials $D_n^{lambda}(x):=(x^2-1)C_{n-2}^{lambda}(x)$ and $D_{n-1}^{lambda}(x):=C_{n-1}^{lambda}(x)$, which is applicable for each pair of fixed parameters $n,lambda$ in the ranges $ninmathbbN,ngeq5$ and $lambda>-3/2$, $lambdaeq-1,0,(2k-1)/2,k=0,1,ldots$. We plot and compare the zeros of $D_m^{lambda}(x)$ and $C_m^{lambda}(x)$ for several choices of $minmathbbN$ and a range of values of the parameters $lambda$ and $n$. For $-3/2<lambda<-1,$ the curves that the zeros of $D_m^{lambda}(x)$ and $C_m^{lambda}(x)$ approach are substantially different for large values of $m.$ When $-1<lambda<-1/2,$ the two curves have a similar shape while the curves are almost identical for $lambda>-1/2.$

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.04276

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zbMATH Keywords

interlacing of zerosultraspherical polynomialsquasi-orthogonal polynomialsWendroff's theorem

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Orthogonal polynomials and functions in several variables expressible in terms of special functions in one variable (33C50) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05)

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