Left-separating order types

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2020.107338MaRDI QIDQ2215674zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 14 December 2020

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.09695

left separated spaces left separating order type preservation

Consistency and independence results in general topology (54A35) Linearly ordered topological spaces, generalized ordered spaces, and partially ordered spaces (54F05)

Abstract: A well ordering < of a topological space X is "left-separating" if

x^{'} i n X : x^{'} < x

is closed in X for any x in X. A space is "left-separated" if it has a left-separating well-ordering. The left-separating type,

o r d_{l} (X)

, of a left-separated space X is the minimum of the order types of the left-separating well orderings of X. We prove that (1) if

k a p p a

is a regular cardinal, then for each ordinal

a l p h a < {k a p p a}^{+}

there is a

T_{2}

space

X

with

o r d_{l} (X) = k a p p a c d o t a l p h a

; (2) if

k a p p a = {l a m b d a}^{+}

and

c f (l a m b d a) = l a m b d a > o m e g a

, then for each ordinal

a l p h a < {k a p p a}^{+}

there is a 0-dimensional space

X

with

o r d_{l} (X) = k a p p a c d o t a l p h a

; (3) if

k a p p a = 2^{o m e g a}

or

, where

, then for each ordinal

a l p h a < {k a p p a}^{+}

there is a locally compact, locally countable, 0-dimensional space

X

with

o r d_{l} (X) = k a p p a c d o t a l p h a

. The union of two left-separated spaces is not necessarily left-separated. We show, however, that if X is a countably tight space,

X = Y c u p Z, o r d_{l} (Y)

,

o r d_{l} (Z) < o m e g a_{1} c d o t o m e g a

, then

X

is also left-separated and

o r d_{l} (X) l e o r d_{l} (Y) + o r d_{l} (Z)

. We prove that it is consistent that there is a first countable, 0-dimensional space X, which is not left-separated, but there is a c.c.c poset Q such that in the generic extension

V^{Q}

we have

o r d_{l} (X) = o m e g a_{1} c d o t o m e g a

. However, if

X

is a topological space and

Q

is a c.c.c poset such that in in the generic extension

V^{Q}

we have

o r d_{l} (X) < o m e g a_{1} c d o t o m e g a

then X is left-separated even in

V

.

Review text

Recall that a well-ordering \(\prec\) of a topological space \(X\) is left-separating if \(\{ x^\prime\in X:x^\prime\prec x \}\) is closed in \(X\) for any \(x\in X\). If a space has a left-separating well-ordering, we say that the space is left-separated. The left-separating type ord\(_l(X)\) of a left-separated space \(X\) is the minimum of the order types of the left-separating well-orderings of \(X\). The authors in this article prove that if \(\kappa\) is a regular cardinal, then for each ordinal \(\alpha<\kappa^+\) there is a \(T_2\) space \(X\) with ord\(_l(X)=\kappa\cdot\alpha\). Moreover, if \(\kappa=\lambda^+\) and cf\((\lambda)=\lambda>\omega\), then for each ordinal \(\alpha<\kappa^+\) there is a \(0\)-dimensional \(T_2\) space \(X\) with ord\(_l(X)=\kappa\cdot\alpha\). Furthermore, it is proved that if \(\kappa=2^\omega\) or \(\kappa=\sqsupset_{\beta +1}\), where cf\((\beta)=\omega\), then for each ordinal \(\alpha<\kappa^+\) there is a locally compact, locally countable, \(0\)-dimensional space \(X\) with ord\(_l(X)=\kappa\cdot\alpha\). It is known that the union of two left-separated spaces is not necessarily left-separated. The authors show, however, that if the space \(X\) is countably tight, \(X=Y\cup Z\), ord\(_l(X)<\omega_1\cdot\omega\) and ord\(_l(Z)<\omega_1\cdot\omega\), then \(X\) is also left-separated and we have \[ \text{ord}_l(X)\leq\text{ord}_l(Y)+\text{ord}_l(Z). \] Finally, the authors show that it is consistent that there is a first countable, \(0\)-dimensional space \(X\), which is not left-separated, but there is a c.c.c poset such that \[ V^Q\vDash \text{ord}_l(X)=\omega_1\cdot\omega. \] However, if \(X\) is a topological space and \(Q\) is a c.c.c poset such that \[ V^Q\vDash \text{ord}_l(X)<\omega_1\cdot\omega, \] then \(X\) is left-separated even in \(V\).

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