Irreducible Jacobian derivations in positive characteristic

Abstract: We prove that an irreducible polynomial derivation in positive characteristic is a Jacobian derivation if and only if there exists an n-1-element p-basis of its ring of constants. In the case of two variables we characterize these derivations in terms of their divergence and some nontrivial constants.

Review text

The paper under review is devoted to the characterization of Jacobian derivations of polynomial algebras over integral domains of positive characteristic. Let \(A = K[x_{1},\dots, x_{n}]\) be a polynomial algebra in \(n\) variables over an integral domain \(K\) and let \(F = \{f_{1},\dots, f_{n-1}\}\subseteq A\). Then one can consider a \(K\)-derivation \(d_{F}:A\rightarrow A\) such that \(d_{F}(g) = \mathrm{Jac}(f_{1},\dots, f_{n-1}, g)\) for any \(g\in A\), where \(\mathrm{jac}\) denotes the usual Jacobian determinant with respect to \(x_{1},\dots, x_{n}\). A \(K\)-derivation of \(A\) of the form \(d_{F}\) (for some \(F =\{f_{1},\dots, f_{n-1}\}\subseteq A\)) is called a \textit{Jacobian derivation}. In what follows, for any \(f_{1},\dots, f_{m}\in A\) (\(m\geq 1\)) and \(j_{1},\dots, j_{m}\in\{1,\dots, n\}\), \(\mathrm{Jac}^{f_{1},\dots, f_{m}}_{j_{1},\dots, j_{m}}\) denotes the Jacobian determinant of \(f_{1},\dots, f_{m}\) with respect to \(x_{j_{1}},\dots, x_{j_{m}}\) and \[ \mathrm{dgcd}(f_{1},\dots, f_{m}) = \gcd\left(\mathrm{Jac}^{f_{1},\dots, f_{m}}_{j_{1},\dots,j_{m}}\,:\,j_{1},\dots, j_{m}\in\{1,\dots, n\}\right). \] If \(\mathrm{Char} K = p > 0\) and \(B\) is a subring of \(A\) containing \(A^{p} = \{a^{p}\,:\,a\in A\}\), then a set \(\{z_{1},\dots, z_{m}\}\subseteq A\) is called a \(p\)-basis of \(A\) over \(B\) if the elements \(z_{1}^{i_{1}}\dots z_{m}^{i_{m}}\) (\(1\leq i_{1},\dots, i_{m} < p\)) form a basis of \(A\) as a \(B\)-module. The main result of the paper is the following description of Jacobian derivations of polynomial algebras of positive characteristic (Theorem 3.4): Let \(K\) be a UFD of characteristic \(p > 0\). Let \(d\) be a nonzero \(K\)-derivation of the polynomial \(K\)-algebra \(A = K[x_{1},\dots, x_{n}]\) such that \(d(x_{1}),\dots, d(x_{n})\) are (in common) coprime, and let \(A^{d}\) be the ring of constants of \(A\) with respect to \(d\). Then the following conditions are equivalent: (a) \(A^{d}\) has a \(p\)-basis over \(K[x_{1}^{p},\dots, x_{n}^{p}]\) consisting of \(n-1\) elements. (b) \(d\) is a Jacobian derivation. (c) There exist \(f_{1},\dots, f_{n-1}\in A^{d}\) such that the element \(\mathrm{dgcd}(f_{1},\dots, f_{n-1})\) is invertible. In the last part of the paper this result is applied to polynomial algebras of two variables. In this case, the author obtains the following characterization of Jacobian derivations of \(K[x, y]\) (Theorem 4.5): Let \(K\) be a UFD, \(\mathrm{Char} K = p >0\), and let \(d\) be a nonzero derivation of the polynomial algebra \(K[x, y]\) such that \(d(x)\) and \(d(y)\) are coprime. Then the following conditions are equivalent: (a) \(K[x, y]^{d} = K[x^{p}, y^{p}, f]\) for some polynomial \(f\in K[x, y]\setminus K[x^{p}, y^{p}]\). (b) \(d\) is a Jacobian derivation. (c) \(K[x, y]^{d}\neq K[x^{p}, y^{p}]\) and \(d^{\ast} = 0\) where \(d^{\ast} = {\frac{\partial d(x_{1})}{\partial x_{1}}}+ \dots + {\frac{\partial d(x_{n})}{\partial x_{n}}}\) is the divergence of \(d\). (d) \(d(f) = 0\) and \(d(\bar{f}) = 0\) for some polynomial \(f\in K[x, y]\setminus K[x^{p}, y^{p}]\), where \(\bar{f} = \gcd(\partial f/\partial x, \partial f/\partial y)\).

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