Collective excitations of Bose gases in the mean-field regime
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Abstract: We study the spectrum of a large system of identical bosons interacting via a two-body potential with strength . In this mean-field regime, Bogoliubov's theory predicts that the spectrum of the -particle Hamiltonian can be approximated by that of an effective quadratic Hamiltonian acting on Fock space, which describes the fluctuations around a condensed state. Recently, Bogoliubov's theory has been justified rigorously in the case that the low-energy eigenvectors of the -particle Hamiltonian display complete condensation in the unique minimizer of the corresponding Hartree functional. In this paper, we shall justify Bogoliubov's theory for the high-energy part of the spectrum of the -particle Hamiltonian corresponding to (non-linear) excited states of the Hartree functional. Moreover, we shall extend the existing results on the excitation spectrum to the case of non-uniqueness and/or degeneracy of the Hartree minimizer. In particular, the latter covers the case of rotating Bose gases, when the rotation speed is large enough to break the symmetry and to produce multiple quantized vortices in the Hartree minimizer.
The paper aims to develop a rigorous justification for Bogoliubov's theory applied to a system of \(N\) interacting bosons in one- and two-dimensional settings. Usually, the Bogoliubov equations are derived for low-energy excitations around the Hartree state, which assumes that all the bosons sit in a single eigenstate. The authors produce a formal proof of the validity of the Bogoliubov's equations for high-energy excitations, which cannot be described by the usual quadratic Hamiltonian. The proof is also extended for non-unique Hartree states -- in particular, to the case of vortices in which \(N\) is large enough to break the axial symmetry and produce multiple quantized vortices.
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