A bound for orders in differential Nullstellensatz

characteristic set differential algebra differential elimination differential Nullstellensatz radical differential ideal ring of differential polynomials

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Recursive functions and relations, subrecursive hierarchies (03D20) Differential algebra (12H05) Commutative rings of differential operators and their modules (13N10) Gröbner bases; other bases for ideals and modules (e.g., Janet and border bases) (13P10) Solving polynomial systems; resultants (13P15)

Abstract: We give the first known bound for orders of differentiations in differential Nullstellensatz for both partial and ordinary algebraic differential equations. This problem was previously addressed by A. Seidenberg but no complete solution was given. Our result is a complement to the corresponding result in algebraic geometry, which gives a bound on degrees of polynomial coefficients in effective Nullstellensatz.

Review text

Let \(\mathbf k\) be a \textit{differential field} of characteristic 0, i.e., a field of characteristic 0 endowed with a finite set of derivations \(\Delta = \{{\partial}_1, \dots ,{\partial}_m\}\). Let \({\mathcal R} = \mathbf k\{y_1, \dots ,y_n\}\) be the \textit{ring of differential polynomials} in the \textit{differential indeterminates} \(y_1, \dots ,y_n\). As a ring, \(\mathcal R\) is the polynomial ring over \(\mathbf k\) in the infinite set of indeterminates \({\partial}^{\alpha}y_j\), \(\alpha \in {\mathbb N}^m\), \(1 \leq j \leq n\). The derivations \({\partial}_1, \dots ,{\partial}_m\) can be extended to derivations on \(\mathcal R\) in an obvious manner. An ideal \(I\) of the ring \(\mathcal R\) is called a \textit{differential ideal} if \({\partial}_i(I) \subseteq I\), \(i = 1, \dots ,m\). If \(F\) is a subset of \(\mathcal R\) then the differential ideal \([F]\) generated by \(F\) is the union of the algebraic ideals \((F^{(\leq h)})\) generated by the sets \(F^{(\leq h)}\) consisting of the elements \({\partial}^{\alpha}f\), where \(f \in F\), \(\alpha \in {\mathbb N}^m\) and \(|\, \alpha \, | \leq h\), for \(h \geq 0\). A well-known lemma asserts that if \(g^d \in (F)\) then \(({\partial}_ig)^{2d-1} \in (F^{(\leq d)})\), \(i = 1, \dots , m\). It follows that the algebraic radical of a differential ideal is a differential ideal. Now, let \(H\) and \(D\) be positive integers, \(F\) a finite subset of \(\mathcal R\) and \(g\) an element of \(\mathcal R\) such that \(g\) and the elements of \(F\) are polynomials in the indeterminates \({\partial}^{\alpha}y_j\), \(1 \leq j \leq n\), \(\alpha \in {\mathbb N}^m\), \(| \, \alpha \, | \leq H\), of degrees \(\leq D\). The main result of the paper asserts that if \(g\) belongs to the radical of \([F]\) then there exists a positive integer \(t \leq A(m+8,\text{max}(n,H,D))\) such that \(g\) belongs to the radical of \((F^{(\leq t)})\). Here \(A\) is the \textit{Ackermann function} defined recursively by: \[ \begin{gathered} A(0,n) = n+1,\;A(m+1,0) = A(m,1),\\ A(m+1,n+1) = A(m,A(m+1,n))\, .\end{gathered} \] This result answers a question addressed by \textit{A. Seidenberg} [``An elimination theory for differential algebra, Univ. California Publ. Math., n. Ser. 3, 31--66 (1957; Zbl 0083.03302)]. The proof uses differential elimination techniques for which the basic reference is the book of [\textit{E.R. Kolchin}, Differential algebra and algebraic groups. Pure and Applied Mathematics, 54, Academic Press, New York (1973; Zbl 0264.12102)]. The Ackermann function appears through a result of [\textit{G. Moreno Socias}, An Ackermannian polynomial ideal. Applied algebra, algebraic algorithms and error-correcting codes, Proc. 9th Int. Symp., AAECC-9, New Orleans/LA (USA) 1991, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 539, 269--280 (1991; Zbl 0781.13017)] about the length of \textit{Dicksonian sequences} in \({\mathbb N}^n\).

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