On the convexity and circularity of the numerical range of nilpotent quaternionic matrices

MaRDI QIDQ2280164zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Luis Carvalho, Cristina Diogo, Sérgio Mendes

Publication date 18 December 2019

Published in The New York Journal of Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.13438, http://nyjm.albany.edu/j/2019/25-56.html

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zbMATH Keywords

nilpotent matrixnumerical rangequaternions

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Graphs and linear algebra (matrices, eigenvalues, etc.) (05C50) Norms of matrices, numerical range, applications of functional analysis to matrix theory (15A60) Matrices over special rings (quaternions, finite fields, etc.) (15B33) Numerical range, numerical radius (47A12)

Abstract: We provide a sufficient condition for the numerical range of a nilpotent matrix N to be circular in terms of the existence of cycles in an undirected graph associated with N. We prove that if we add to this matrix N a diagonal real matrix D, the matrix D + N has convex numerical range. For 3 x 3 nilpotent matrices, we strength further our results and obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for circularity and convexity of the numerical range.

Review text

For a \(n\times n\) matrix \(A\) with quaternionic entries, its numerical range is the set of Hamilton quaternions of the form \(x^\ast Ax\), where \(x\) runs over the unit sphere. The graph associated to the matrix \(A\) has \(n\) vertices with two vertices \(i\) and \(j\) adjacent whenever either \(A_{ij}\neq 0\) or \(A_{ji}\neq 0\). The authors first prove that if the graph associated to a nilpotent matrix \(A\) is a tree, then the numerical range of \(A\) is a disk, and further that if \(A\) is unitary equivalent to a sum of a real diagonal matrix and a nilpotent upper triangular cycle-free matrix, then its numerical range is a union of disks. In the case of \(3\times 3\) matrices, these results are further brought to the characterization which states that the numerical range of a \(3\times 3\) quaternionic matrix \(A\) is a disk if and only if the associated graph of \(A\) is cycle-free.

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Cited in

(9)

• Quaternionic numerical range of complex matrices
• S-spectrum and numerical range of a quaternionic operator
• On the boundedness of quaternionic numerical ranges with respect to nonstandard involutions
• Some results on the k-numerical range of quaternion matrices
• Fejér-Riesz factorization in the QRC-subalgebra and circularity of the quaternionic numerical range
• On the convexity of the quaternionic essential numerical range
• Spatial numerical range of bounded operators on right quaternionic Banach spaces
• Quaternionic essential numerical range of complex operators
• When is the numerical range of a nilpotent matrix circular?

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