Formal factorization of higher order irregular linear differential operators

DOI10.1007/S40598-019-00104-ZMaRDI QIDQ2283186zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Publication date 30 December 2019

Published in Arnold Mathematical Journal (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.02210

linear ordinary differential equations non-commutative factorization Poincaré rank resonance singularity Weyl algebra

Differential algebra (12H05) Abstract differential equations (12H20) Formal power series rings (13F25) Commutative rings of differential operators and their modules (13N10) Singularities in algebraic geometry (14B05) Singularities of surfaces or higher-dimensional varieties (14J17) Toric varieties, Newton polyhedra, Okounkov bodies (14M25) Derivations, actions of Lie algebras (16W25) Deformations of complex singularities; vanishing cycles (32S30) Linear ordinary differential equations and systems in the complex domain (34M03) Formal solutions and transform techniques for ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M25)

Abstract: We study the problem of decomposition (non-commutative factorization) of linear ordinary differential operators near an irregular singular point. The solution (given in terms of the Newton diagram and the respective characteristic numbers) is known for quite some time, though the proofs are rather involved. We suggest a process of reduction of the non-commutative problem to its commutative analog, the problem of factorization of pseudopolynomials, which is known since Newton invented his method of rotating ruler. It turns out that there is an "automatic translation" which allows to obtain the results for formal factorization in the Weyl algebra from well known results in local analytic geometry. Besides, we draw some (apparently unnoticed) parallelism between the formal factorization of linear operators and formal diagonalization of systems of linear first order differential equations.

Review text

The authors consider linear systems of ordinary differential equations $t^{1+r}dX/dt=A(t)X$, where the $n\times n$-matrix $A$ is a formal power series of $t$ and the integer $r\geq 0$ is the Poincaré rank of the system, and the question of non-commutative factorization of formal Laurent series at an irregular singular point (i.~e. with $r>0$). The solution to this problem is known; it is given in terms of the Newton diagram and the respective characteristic numbers. The authors suggest a process of reducing the non-commutative problem to its commutative analogue, i.~e. the problem of factorization of pseudopolynomials, which is known since Newton invented his method of rotating ruler. An automatic translation allows to obtain the results for formal factorization in the Weyl algebra from well known results in local analytic geometry. Parallels are drawn between the formal factorization of linear operators and formal diagonalization of systems of linear first order differential equations.

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On higher-order asymptotic factorization of non-linear operators

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