Geometry of the Kahan discretizations of planar quadratic Hamiltonian systems. II: Systems with a linear Poisson tensor

DOI10.3934/JCD.2019020MaRDI QIDQ2297882zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Matteo Petrera, Yuri B. Suris

Publication date 20 February 2020

Published in Journal of Computational Dynamics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.05791

zbMATH Keywords

birational mapsHamiltonian systemsintegrable mapKahan's discretizationpencil of conics

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Rational and birational maps (14E05) Completely integrable finite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems, integration methods, integrability tests (37J35) Completely integrable discrete dynamical systems (37J70) Discretization methods and integrators (symplectic, variational, geometric, etc.) for dynamical systems (37M15) Integrable difference and lattice equations; integrability tests (39A36) Numerical methods for Hamiltonian systems including symplectic integrators (65P10)

Abstract: Kahan discretization is applicable to any quadratic vector field and produces a birational map which approximates the shift along the phase flow. For a planar quadratic Hamiltonian vector field with a linear Poisson tensor and with a quadratic Hamilton function, this map is known to be integrable and to preserve a pencil of conics. In the paper `Three classes of quadratic vector fields for which the Kahan discretization is the root of a generalised Manin transformation' by P. van der Kamp et al., it was shown that the Kahan discretization can be represented as a composition of two involutions on the pencil of conics. In the present note, which can be considered as a comment to that paper, we show that this result can be reversed. For a linear form $ell(x,y)$, let $B_1,B_2$ be any two distinct points on the line $ell(x,y)=-c$, and let $B_3,B_4$ be any two distinct points on the line $ell(x,y)=c$. Set $B_0=frac12(B_1+B_3)$ and $B_5=frac12(B_2+B_4)$; these points lie on the line $ell(x,y)=0$. Finally, let $B_{i}nfty$ be the point at infinity on this line. Let $mathfrakE$ be the pencil of conics with the base points $B_1,B_2,B_3,B_4$. Then the composition of the $B_{i}nfty$-switch and of the $B_0$-switch on the pencil $mathfrakE$ is the Kahan discretization of a Hamiltonian vector field $$ with a quadratic Hamilton function $H(x,y)$. This birational map $Ph{i}_f:mathbbC{P}^{2}dashrightarrowmathbbC{P}^2$ has three singular points $B_0,B_2,B_4$, while the inverse map $Ph{i}_f^{-1}$ has three singular points $B_1,B_3,B_5$.

Review text

In unpublished lecture notes, W. Kahan introduced a method of discretization applicable to any system of ordinary differential equations in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) that has a quadratic vector field. Such equations have the form \[\dot{x} = f(x) = Q(x) + Bx + c,\] where each component of \(Q : \mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n\) is a quadratic form, \(B\) is an \(n \times n\) real matrix and \(c \in \mathbb{R}^n\). The discretization that Kahan uses has the following form: \[\frac{\tilde{x} - x}{2 \epsilon} = Q(x, \tilde{x}) + \frac{1}{2} B(x + \tilde{x}) + c,\] where \[Q(x, \tilde{x}) = \frac{1}{2} ((Q(x + \tilde{x}) - Q(x) - Q(\tilde{x}))\] is the symmetric bilinear form that corresponds to the quadratic form \(Q\). The discretization is linear with respect to \(\tilde{x}\) and so defines a rational map \(\tilde{x} = \Phi_f(x, \epsilon)\). This can be written explicitly as \(\tilde{x} = \Phi_f (x, \epsilon) = x + 2 \epsilon (I - \epsilon f'(x))^{-1} f(x) \), where \(f'(x)\) represents the Jacobian of \(f\). This mapping approximates a time \(\epsilon\) shift along solutions of the original differential equation. Since the discretization is invariant with respect to interchange of \(x\) and \(\tilde{x}\), a reversibility property holds: \(\Phi^{-1}_f (x, \epsilon) = \Phi_f (x, -\epsilon)\). In their prior work the authors studied properties of Kahan's method when applied to integrable systems. They determined that in a number of cases Kahan's approach preserves integrability in the sense that the mapping \(\Phi_f(x, \epsilon)\) has as many independent integrals of motion as the original system. In [J. Phys. A, Math. Theor. 52, No. 4, Article ID 045204, 10 p. (2019; Zbl 1422.70012)] \textit{P. H. van der Kamp} et al. show that the Kahan map \(\Phi_f\) can be represented as a composition of two involutions on a pencil of conics in \(\mathbb{C}^2\). The current paper shows that the reverse is also true: a Kahan discretization can be reconstructed from a linear form and a pencil of conics. For Part I, see [the authors et al., Proc. R. Soc. Lond., A, Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 475, No. 2223, Article ID 20180761, 13 p. (2019; Zbl 1501.37068)].

Recommendations

• Geometry of the Kahan discretizations of planar quadratic Hamiltonian systems
• Three classes of quadratic vector fields for which the Kahan discretisation is the root of a generalised Manin transformation
• Geometric properties of Kahan's method
• On the singularity structure of Kahan discretizations of a class of quadratic vector fields
• Geometric and integrability properties of Kahan's method: the preservation of certain quadratic integrals

Cites work

• Generalised Manin transformations and QRT maps
• Geometric and integrability properties of Kahan's method: the preservation of certain quadratic integrals
• Geometric properties of Kahan's method
• Geometry of the Kahan discretizations of planar quadratic Hamiltonian systems
• Integrability properties of Kahan's method
• On integrability of Hirota-Kimura type discretizations
• On integrability of Hirota-Kimura-type discretizations: experimental study of the discrete Clebsch system
• On the Hamiltonian structure of Hirota-Kimura discretization of the Euler top
• Three classes of quadratic vector fields for which the Kahan discretisation is the root of a generalised Manin transformation

Cited in

(17)

• Generalised Manin transformations and QRT maps
• On the singularity structure of Kahan discretizations of a class of quadratic vector fields
• How one can repair non-integrable Kahan discretizations. II: A planar system with invariant curves of degree 6
• Discretized fast-slow systems with canards in two dimensions
• Detecting and determining preserved measures and integrals of birational maps
• Kahan discretizations of skew-symmetric Lotka-Volterra systems and Poisson maps
• Preface. Special issue in honor of Reinout Quispel
• Analogues of Kahan's method for higher order equations of higher degree
• Integrability properties of Kahan's method
• Quadratic and homogeneous Hamilton-Poisson systems on \((sl(2,\mathbb R))\) and Kahan's integrator
• Geometric properties of Kahan's method
• Geometry of the Kahan discretizations of planar quadratic Hamiltonian systems
• Geometric and integrability properties of Kahan's method: the preservation of certain quadratic integrals
• How one can repair non-integrable Kahan discretizations
• An elementary construction of modified Hamiltonians and modified measures of 2D Kahan maps
• Some aspects of integrability of birational maps
• Manin involutions for elliptic pencils and discrete integrable systems

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