Total nonnegativity of GCD matrices and kernels

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2019.05.016MaRDI QIDQ2321373zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Dominique Guillot, Jiaru Wu

Publication date 29 August 2019

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.01947

zbMATH Keywords

totally positive matrixtotally nonnegative matrixGreen's matrixgreatest common divisor matrix

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Positive matrices and their generalizations; cones of matrices (15B48) Matrices, determinants in number theory (11C20) Determinants, permanents, traces, other special matrix functions (15A15) Multiplicative structure; Euclidean algorithm; greatest common divisors (11A05)

Abstract: Let $X=(x_1,dots,x_n)$ be a vector of distinct positive integers. The $nimesn$ matrix $S=S(X):=(gcd(x_i,x_j){)}_{i,j=1}^n$, where $gcd(x_i,x_j)$ denotes the greatest common divisor of $x_i$ and $x_j$, is called the greatest common divisor (GCD) matrix on $X$. By a surprising result of Beslin and Ligh [Linear Algebra and Appl. 118], all GCD matrices are positive definite. In this paper, we completely characterize the GCD matrices satisfying the stronger property of being totally nonnegative (TN) or totally positive (TP). As we show, a GCD matrix is never TP when $ngeq3$, and is TN if and only if it is $extrm{TN}_2$, i.e., all its $2imes2$ minors are nonnegative. We next demonstrate that a GCD matrix is $extrm{TN}_2$ if and only if the exponents of each prime divisor in the prime factorization of the $x_i$s form a monotonic sequence. Reformulated in the language of kernels, our results characterize the subsets of integers over which the kernel $K(x,y)=gcd(x,y)$ is totally nonnegative. The proofs of our characterizations depend on Gantmacher and Krein's notion of a Green's matrix. We conclude by showing that a GCD matrix is TN if and only if it is a Green's matrix. As a consequence, we obtain explicit formulas for all the minors and for the inverse of totally nonnegative GCD matrices.

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Cited in

(1)

• Divisibility of LCM matrices by totally nonnegative GCD matrices

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