Quadratic residues and related permutations and identities

DOI10.1016/J.FFA.2019.06.004zbMATH Open1458.11004arXiv1809.07766OpenAlexW2958579606WikidataQ127540743 ScholiaQ127540743MaRDI QIDQ2326697FDOQ2326697

Authors: Yanyan Li 

Publication date: 10 October 2019

Published in: Finite Fields and their Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: Let $p$ be an odd prime. In this paper we investigate quadratic residues modulo $p$ and related permutations, congruences and identities. If $a_1<ldots<a_{(p-1)/2}$ are all the quadratic residues modulo $p$ among $1,ldots,p-1$, then the list ${1^2}_p,ldots,{((p-1)/2{)}^2}_p$ (with $k_p$ the least nonnegative residue of $k$ modulo $p$) is a permutation of $a_1,ldots,a_{(p-1)/2}$, and we show that the sign of this permutation is $1$ or $(-1{)}^{(h(-p)+1)/2}$ according as $pequiv3pmod8$ or $pequiv7pmod8$, where $h(-p)$ is the class number of the imaginary quadratic field $mathbbQ(sqrt-p)$. To achieve this, we evaluate the product $pro{d}_{1lej<kle(p-1)/2}(cotpi{j}^2/p-cotpi{k}^2/p)$ via Dirichlet's class number formula and Galois theory. We also obtain some new identities for the sine and cosine functions; for example, we determine the exact value of ${\displaystyle }$prod_{1le j<kle p-1}cospifrac{aj^2+bjk+ck^2}p${\displaystyle }$ for any $a,b,cinmathbbZ$ with $ac(a+b+c)otequiv0pmodp$.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.07766

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zbMATH Keywords

permutationsGauss sumsGalois theoryquadratic residuescongruences modulo primes

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Permutations, words, matrices (05A05) Congruences; primitive roots; residue systems (11A07) Galois theory (11R32) Power residues, reciprocity (11A15) Other character sums and Gauss sums (11T24) Exponential and trigonometric functions (33B10)

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Cited In (21)

• Jacobsthal sums and permutations of biquadratic residues
• On certain determinants involving Legendre symbols
• CUBES IN FINITE FIELDS AND RELATED PERMUTATIONS
• Quadratic residues and quartic residues modulo primes
• A remark on Zolotarev's theorem
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• Trigonometric identities and quadratic residues
• Applications of Lerch's theorem to permutations of quadratic residues
• Proof of some conjectures involving quadratic residues
• Products of quadratic residues and related identities
• Quadratic residues and related permutations
• On the cyclotomic field \(\mathbb{Q}(e^{2\pi\mathbf{i}/p})\) and Zhi-Wei Sun's conjecture on \(\operatorname{det}M_p\)
• On certain cyclotomic matrices involving biquadratic residues
• Legendre symbols related to certain determinants
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• New congruences involving triangular numbers
• Permutations involving squares in finite fields
• A new theorem on quadratic residues modulo primes
• On a polynomial involving roots of unity and its applications
• Determinants concerning Legendre symbols
• QUADRATIC RESIDUES AND DIFFERENCE SETS: Table 1.

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