Möbius's functional equation and Schur's lemma with applications to the complex unit disk
Let \(\mathbb D\) be the open unit disk in the complex plane; the Möbius addition on \(\mathbb D\) is given by \[ a\oplus_M b=\frac{a+b}{1-\bar{a}b}. \] In analogy with the Cauchy equations, the following Möbius additive and exponential equations are defined: \[ \begin{aligned} & M(a\oplus_M b)=M(a)+M(b),\\ & L(a\oplus_M b)=L(a)L(b).\end{aligned} \] In the first part of the paper, the form of the solutions of the two previous equations is given. Moreover, the same equations are investigated when the Möbius addition is substituted by the so called \(r\)-Möbius addition, given by \[ a\oplus_r b=\frac{a+b}{1-\frac{1}{r^2}\bar{a}b}, \] for all \(a, b \in \mathbb D_r=\{z \in \mathbb C: |z|<r\;\}\). In the second, part the notion of gyrogroups is presented. Let \(G\) be a nonempty set and let \(\oplus\) be a binary operation on \(G\); by \(\mathrm{Aut}(G)\) the group of automorphisms of \((G,\oplus)\) is denoted. The system \((G,\oplus)\) is a gyrogroup if \(\oplus\) satisfies the following conditions: {\parindent=0.8cm\begin{itemize}\item[(G1)] There is an element \(e \in G\) such that \(e\oplus a=a=a\oplus e\) for all \(a \in G\); \item[(G2)] For each \(a \in G\), there is an element \(b \in G\) such that \(b\oplus a=e=a\oplus b\) ; \item[(G3)] For all \(a, b \in G\), there are automorphisms \(\mathrm{gyr}[a,b]\), \(\mathrm{gyr}[b,a]\in\mathrm{Aut}(G)\) such that \[ \begin{aligned} &a\oplus (b\oplus c)=(a\oplus b)\oplus\mathrm{gyr}[a,b]c,\\ &(a\oplus b)\oplus c)=a\oplus (b\oplus \mathrm{gyr}[b,a]c),\end{aligned} \] for all \(c \in G\); \item[(G4)] For all \(a, b \in G\) \[ \begin{aligned} &\mathrm{gyr}[a\oplus b,b]=\mathrm{gyr}[a,b],\\ &\mathrm{gyr}[a,b\oplus a]=\mathrm{gyr}[a,b].\end{aligned} \] \end{itemize}} The Schur's lemma for gyrogroups is proved and the irreducible representations of a gyrocommutative gyrogroup are described.
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