Quasi-periodic and periodic solutions of the Toda lattice via the hyperelliptic sigma function

Special divisors on curves (gonality, Brill-Noether theory) (14H51) Relationships between algebraic curves and integrable systems (14H70) Relations of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian dynamical systems with algebraic geometry, complex analysis, and special functions (37K20) Lattice dynamics; integrable lattice equations (37K60)

Abstract: M. Toda in 1967 ( extit{J. Phys. Soc. Japan}, extbf{22} and extbf{23}) considered a lattice model with exponential interaction and proved, as suggested by the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam experiments in the 1950s, that it has exact periodic and soliton solutions. The Toda lattice, as it came to be known, was then extensively studied as one of the completely integrable (differential-difference) non-linear equations which admit exact solutions in terms of theta functions of hyperelliptic curves. In this paper, we extend Toda's original approach to give hyperelliptic solutions of the Toda lattice in terms of hyperelliptic Kleinian (sigma) functions for arbitrary genus. The key identities are given by generalized addition formulae for the hyperelliptic sigma functions (J.C. Eilbeck extit{et al.}, {it J. reine angew. Math.} {�f 619}, 2008). We then show that periodic (in the discrete variable, a standard term in the Toda lattice theory) solutions of the Toda lattice correspond to the zeros of Kiepert-Brioschi's division polynomials, and note these are related to solutions of Poncelet's closure problem. One feature of our solution is that the hyperelliptic curve is related in a non-trivial way to the one previously used.

Review text

The authors identify and study the quasi-periodic solutions of the Toda lattice equation in terms of the hyperelliptic sigma functions. Their approach is somewhat different from the one that exists in the literature, and in particular it gives them a different spectral curve and algebraic conditions for periodicity. Recall that a lattice model with exponential interaction, was proposed and integrated by M. Toda in the 1960s; it was then extensively studied as one of the completely integrable differential-difference equations by algebro-geometric methods, which produced both quasi-periodic solutions in terms of theta functions of hyperelliptic curves and periodic solutions defined on suitable Jacobians by the Lax-pair method. In this work, the authors revisit Toda's original approach to give solutions of the Toda lattice in terms of hyperelliptic Kleinian sigma functions for arbitrary genus. They then show that periodic solutions of the Toda lattice correspond to the zeros of Kiepert-Brioschi's division polynomials, and note these are related to solutions of Poncelet's closure problem. The hyperelliptic curve of their approach is related in a non-trivial way to the one given by the Lax pair.

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