On higher-dimensional Fibonacci numbers, Chebyshev polynomials and sequences of vector convergents

DOI10.5802/JTNB.985MaRDI QIDQ2397940zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Mark W. Coffey, James L. Hindmarsh, Matthew C. Lettington, John D. Pryce

Publication date 14 August 2017

Published in Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.03085, http://orca.cf.ac.uk/93651/14/522-Lettington%20Final.pdf

zbMATH Keywords

orthogonal polynomialsgeneralised Fibonacci numbersspecial sequences and polynomialsvector convergents

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Continued fractions and generalizations (11J70) Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and polynomials and generalizations (11B39)

Abstract: We study higher-dimensional interlacing Fibonacci sequences, generated via both Chebyshev type functions and $m$-dimensional recurrence relations. For each integer $m$, there exist both rational and integer versions of these sequences, where the underlying prime congruence structures of the rational sequence denominators enables the integer sequence to be recovered. From either the rational or the integer sequences we construct sequences of vectors in $mathbb{Q}^m$, which converge to irrational algebraic points in $mathbb{R}^m$. The rational sequence terms can be expressed as simple recurrences, trigonometric sums, binomial polynomials, sums of squares, and as sums over ratios of powers of the signed diagonals of the regular unit $n$-gon. These sequences also exhibit a "rainbow type" quality, and correspond to the Fleck numbers at negative indices, leading to some combinatorial identities involving binomial coefficients. It is shown that the families of orthogonal generating polynomials defining the recurrence relations employed, are divisible by the minimal polynomials of certain algebraic numbers, and the three-term recurrences and differential equations for these polynomials are derived. Further results relating to the Christoffel-Darboux formula, Rodrigues' formula and raising and lowering operators are also discussed. Moreover, it is shown that the Mellin transforms of these polynomials satisfy a functional equation of the form $p_n(s)=pm{p}_n(1-s)$, and have zeros only on the critical line Re $s=1/2$.

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