Inside factorial monoids and the Cale monoid of a linear Diophantine equation

Abstract: We give a structure theorem for inside factorial domains. As an example we study the monoid of nonnegative integer solutions of equations of the form

a_{1} x_{1} + c d o t s + a_{r - 1} x_{r - 1} = a_{r} x_{r}

, with

a_{1}, l d o t s, a_{r}

positive integers. This set is isomorphic to a simplicial full affine semigroup, and thus it can be described in terms of its extremal rays and the Ap'ery sets with respect to the extremal rays.

Review text

The paper deals with the structure of a class of commutative monoids, called inside factorial monoids, and with monoids that arise as non-negative solutions to a linear Diophantine equation. An inside factorial monoid \(M\) with base \(Q\) is a cancellative commutative monoid \(M\) together with a subset of non-units \(Q\subseteq M\) such that \begin{itemize} \item for every \(x \in M\) there exist \(n \in \mathbb{N}\) and a unit \(u\in M\) such that \(nx \in u \langle Q \rangle\); \item if \(u + \sum_{q\in Q} \lambda_q q = u' + \sum_{q\in Q} \lambda'_{q} q\), with \(u,u'\in M\) units, \(\lambda_q,\lambda'_q \in \mathbb{N}\), then \(\lambda_q=\lambda'_q\) for all \(q\). \end{itemize} Let \(G(M)\) denote the quotient group of \(M\). The monoid \(M\) is said to be root-closed if \(nz\in M\), with \(n \in\mathbb{N}\) and \(z \in G(M)\), implies that \(z\in M\). The Apéry set of \(M\) with respect to \(Q\) is \(\mathrm{Ap}(M,Q) = M \setminus (Q+M)\). In Theorem 3, the authors show that a reduced root-closed inside factorial monoid \(M\) with base \(Q\) decomposes as a product of \(\mathrm{Ap}(M,Q)\) and the free monoid \(\langle Q \rangle\). Moreover, the authors endow \(\mathrm{Ap}(M,Q)\) with a certain function \(I : \mathrm{Ap}(M,Q)\times \mathrm{Ap}(M,Q) \rightarrow \langle Q \rangle\), which allows them to establish a sort of converse of Theorem 3. More precisely, it is proved in Theorem 7 that, for each torsion abelian group \(G\) and free monoid \(F\), a function \(I : G \times G \rightarrow F\) with certain conditions defines a structure of reduced root-closed inside factorial monoid on \(G \times F\). Next, the authors consider equations of the form \( a_1 x_1 + a_2 x_2 + \cdots + a_{s} x_{s} \equiv 0 \pmod{a_{s+1}}\), where \(a_i \in \mathbb{N}^+\). The set of non-negative solutions \((x_1, \ldots, x_{s})\) form a Cale monoid, which is a special type of reduced inside factorial monoid. The authors focus on the case \(s=2\), motivated by the paper [\textit{E. B. Elliott}, Q. J. Pure Appl. Math. 34, 348--377 (1902; JFM 34.0219.01)].

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