Polynomial normal forms of constrained differential equations with three parameters

Implicit ordinary differential equations, differential-algebraic equations (34A09) Geometric methods in ordinary differential equations (34A26) Transformation and reduction of ordinary differential equations and systems, normal forms (34C20) Singular perturbations for ordinary differential equations (34E15)

Abstract: We study generic constrained differential equations (CDEs) with three parameters, thereby extending Takens's classification of singularities of such equations. In this approach, the singularities analyzed are the Swallowtail, the Hyperbolic, and the Elliptic Umbilics. We provide polynomial local normal forms of CDEs under topological equivalence. Generic CDEs are important in the study of slow-fast (SF) systems. Many properties and the characteristic behavior of the solutions of SF systems can be inferred from the corresponding CDE. Therefore, the results of this paper show a first approximation of the flow of generic SF systems with three slow variables.

Review text

The authors study constrained differential equations, as they appear in the theory of slow-fast systems. It is assumed that the corresponding layer equation is defined by the gradient of a potential. The basic theory of such equations was worked out by \textit{F. Takens} [Lect. Notes Math. 525, 143--234 (1976; Zbl 0386.34003)] whose results are briefly reviewed in Section 4. Before, a very brief introduction into elementary catastrophe theory is given and two motivating examples by Zeeman are discussed. The main part of the article is Section 5. Takens provided a complete classification up to topological equivalence for the case of a potential depending on two parameters. The authors consider now the case of three parameters and derive a complete list of 16 polynomial normal forms. Their approach is based on a desingularisation, the reduction to a center manifold and the use of Takens's normal form theorem.

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