A cardinal number connected to the solvability of systems of difference equations in a given function class

DOI10.1007/S11854-007-0008-YzbMATH Open1151.39002arXiv1109.4874OpenAlexW1985674177MaRDI QIDQ2474571FDOQ2474571

Authors: M. Laczkovich, Márton Elekes 

Publication date: 6 March 2008

Published in: Journal d'Analyse Mathématique (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: Let $R^R$ denote the set of real valued functions defined on the real line. A map $D:R^{R}o{R}^R$ is a {it difference operator}, if there are real numbers $a_i,b_i(i=1,\mathrm{...},n)$ such that $(Df)(x)=su{m}_{i=1}^n{a}_{i}f(x+b_i)$ for every $fin{R}^R$ and $xinR$. A {it system of difference equations} is a set of equations $S=D_{i}f=g_i:iinI$, where $I$ is an arbitrary set of indices, $D_i$ is a difference operator and $g_i$ is a given function for every $iinI$, and $f$ is the unknown function. One can prove that a system $S$ is solvable if and only if every finite subsystem of $S$ is solvable. However, if we look for solutions belonging to a given class of functions, then the analogous statement fails. For example, there exists a system $S$ such that every finite subsystem of $S$ has a solution which is a trigonometric polynomial, but $S$ has no such solution. This phenomenon motivates the following definition. Let $calF$ be a class of functions. The {it solvability cardinal} $solc(iF)$ of $calF$ is the smallest cardinal $kappa$ such that whenever $S$ is a system of difference equations and each subsystem of $S$ of cardinality less than $kappa$ has a solution in $calF$, then $S$ itselfhas a solution in $calF$. In this paper we determine the solvability cardinals of most function classes that occur in analysis. As it turns out, the behaviour of $solc(calF)$ is rather erratic. For example, $solc(extpolynomials)=3$ but $solc(exttrigonometricpolynomials)=omeg{a}_1$, $solc(f:fextiscontinuous)=omeg{a}_1$ but $solc(f:fextisDarboux)=(2^{o}mega{)}^{+}$, and $solc(R^R)=omega$. We consistently determine the solvability cardinals of the classes of Borel, Lebesgue and Baire measurable functions, and give some partial answers for the Baire class 1 and Baire class $alpha$ functions.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.4874

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zbMATH Keywords

system of difference equationsdifference equationdifference operatorcardinal numbersolvability cardinals

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Additive difference equations (39A10) Difference operators (39A70)

Cites Work

• Title not available (Why is that?)
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• Independent sets in topological algebras
• Periodic decompositions of continuous functions
• Differentiation of real functions
• On the differences and sums of periodic measurable functions
• Operators commuting with translations, and systems of difference equations

Cited In (3)

• Classification of bounded Baire class \(\xi \) functions
• Ranks on the Baire class \(\xi\) functions
• The solvability cardinal of the class of polynomials

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