Carleson embeddings for Sobolev spaces via heat equation

DOI10.1016/J.JDE.2005.07.014MaRDI QIDQ2493083zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 9 June 2006

Published in Journal of Differential Equations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2005.07.014

heat equation Sobolev spaces variational capacities

Potentials and capacities, extremal length and related notions in higher dimensions (31B15) Potentials and capacities on other spaces (31C15) Heat equation (35K05) Sobolev spaces and other spaces of ``smooth functions, embedding theorems, trace theorems (46E35)

Review text

Let \(u(t,x)\) be the solution of the heat equation \((\partial_t - \Delta_x)u(t,x) =0\) on \(\mathbb R^{1+n}_+ = (0,\infty) \times \mathbb R^n\) with initital condition \(u(0,x)=f(x)\) on \(\mathbb R^n\). The main results of the paper provide equivalent conditions such that for a nonnegative measure \(\mu\) on \(\mathbb R^{1+n}_+\), the mapping \[ f(x) \mapsto u(t^2,x)\tag{1} \] induces a bounded embedding from the Sobolev space \(\overset {.}{W}^{1,p}(\mathbb R^n), p\in[1,n)\), into the Lebesgue space \(L^q(\mathbb R^{1+n}_+,\mu)\), \(q\in (0,\infty)\). When \(0<q<p\), the mapping (1) is bounded if and only if \[ \int_0^{\infty} \left(\frac{t^{p/q}}{c_p(\mu,t)}\right)^{q/(p-q)}\frac{dt}{t} <\infty,\tag{2} \] where \(c_p(\mu,t)\) denotes the \(p\)-variational minimizing function of \(t\in(0,\infty)\) associated with \(\mu\). When \(p\leq q<\infty\), the condition (2) can be replaced by the following weak-type inequality \(\sup_{\lambda>0} \lambda(\mu(\{(t,x): | u(t^2,x)| >\lambda\}))^{1/q} \leq C\| \nabla f\| _p\), as well as two simpler conditions involving the measure \(\mu\).

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