James orthogonality and orthogonal decompositions of Banach spaces
Let \(B\) be a real uniformly convex and uniformly smooth Banach space and let \(J:B \to B^*\) be the normalized duality map defined by \(\langle J(x), x\rangle = \| Jx\|\, \| x\| = \| x\|^2\). An element \(x\) in \(B\) is James orthogonal to \(y\) in \(B\) if \(\| x\| \leq \| x+ty\|\) for all real numbers \(t\). \(B\) is said to be the James orthogonal sum of closed manifolds \(K_1\) and \(K_2\) in \(B\) and denoted by \(B=K_1 \uplus K_2\) if each element \(x\in B\) has a unique decomposition \(x = k_1 + k_2\) where \(k_1\in K_1\) and \(k_2\in K_2\); for each \(k_1\in K_1\) and \(k_2\in K_2\), \(k_2\) is James orthogonal to \(k_1\); and \(K_1\cap K_2 = \{ 0 \}\). The author proves that, if \(M\) is a closed subspace of \(B\) and \(M^\perp \subset B^*\) is its annihilator, then \(B = M \uplus J^*M^\perp\) and \(B^* = M^\perp \uplus JM\). This generalizes the classical result that a Hilbert space can be written as a direct sum of a closed subspace and its orthogonal complement.
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