Umbilic hypersurfaces of constant sigma-k curvature in the Heisenberg group

Analysis on CR manifolds (32V20) Degenerate elliptic equations (35J70) Degenerate hyperbolic equations (35L80) PDEs on Heisenberg groups, Lie groups, Carnot groups, etc. (35R03) Optimization of shapes other than minimal surfaces (49Q10) Minimal surfaces in differential geometry, surfaces with prescribed mean curvature (53A10)

Abstract: We study immersed, connected, umbilic hypersurfaces in the Heisenberg group

H_{n}

with

n

g e q

2.

We show that such a hypersurface, if closed, must be rotationally invariant up to a Heisenberg translation. Moreover, we prove that, among others, Pansu spheres are the only such spheres with positive constant sigma-k curvature up to Heisenberg translations.

Review text

Let \(H_n\) be the Heisenberg group. In [\textit{J. H. Cheng} et al., ``Umbilicity and characterization of Pansu spheres in the Heisenberg group, Preprint, \url{arXiv:1406.2444}], hereafter referred to as [loc. cit.]), authors introduce the notion umbilicity for hypersurfaces in \(H_n, n\geq 2\) and prove Pansu spheres are the only umblic spheres with positive constant horizontal-mean curvature in \(H_n\) up to Heisenberg transformation. This paper extend this result to the case of constant horizontal sigma-\(i\)-curvature. Let \(\xi\) and \(J\) be the standard contact and \(CR\) structures of \(H_n\), and let \(\Sigma\) be an immersed hypersurface in \(H_n\). The sigma-i curvature \(\sigma_{i,n}\) is the \(i\)-th symmetric function of eigenvalues of the shape operator \(\mathfrak{S}:\xi\cap T\Sigma\to \xi\cap T\Sigma\); \[ \mathfrak{S}(v)=-\nabla_v e_{2n}+\alpha J'v. \] Here \(e_{2n}=Je_n\), \(e_n\in\xi'=(\xi\cap T\Sigma)\cap J(\xi\cap T\Sigma)\), \(\alpha e_{2n}+\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\in T\Sigma\) and \(J'=J\) on \(\xi'\), \(J'e_{2n}=0\). If \(\xi\not= T\Sigma\) at \(p\in\Sigma\), then \(p\) is called regular. A regular point \(p\) is called umbilic if \(\mathfrak{S}(\xi')\subset \xi'\) and \(\mathfrak{S}=kI\) on \(\xi'\) at \(p\) (Definition 2.1). If \(\Sigma\) is invariant under the group of rotations in \(\mathbb{R}^{2n+1}\) about the last coordinate axis, then \(\Sigma\) is umbilic (Theorem 2.6). This paper proves if \(\Sigma\) is connected, orientable, closed and umbilic, the followings hold: {\parindent=0.6cm \begin{itemize}\item[--] If \(\Sigma\) has nonvanishing Euler number, and \(\sigma_{i,n}\) is a positive constant for a given \(i; 1\leq i\leq 2n-1\), then \(\Sigma\) is a Pansu sphere up to a Heisenberg transformation (Theorem A). \item[--] If \(\sigma_{i,n}<0\) for \(i\) odd, then \(\Sigma\) is a Pansu sphere up to a Heisenberg transform (Theorem C, (b)). \end{itemize}} Here a Pansu sphere \(S_\lambda\), \(\lambda>0\), is the union of the graphs \(f\) and \(-f\); \[ f(z)=\frac{1}{2\lambda^2}\bigl(\lambda|z|\sqrt{1-\lambda^2|z|^2}+\cos^{-1}\lambda|z|\bigr), \;|z|\leq \frac{1}{\lambda}. \] It is noted \(\sigma_{i,n}\not=0\) (Theorem C, (a)) and if \(\sigma_{i,n}<0\), \(i\geq 4\) and even, there may exist umbilic \(\Gamma\) which is not congruent with Pansu sphere (Fig.5, Prop.4.2). Properties of the set of non regular points of \(\Sigma\), which are useful to the proof of Theorem A and C are summarized as Theorem B. It is proved in \S2, adopting results in [loc. cit.]. Proposition 2.4 (Proposition 4.2 of [loc. cit.]) shows \((\alpha,k)\) satisfies the equation \[ k^\prime=-(\ell-\lambda k)\alpha, \quad \alpha^\prime=k^2-\alpha^2-k\ell, \] on umbilic \(\Sigma\). Here \(\mathfrak{G}(e_n)=\ell e_n\). This equation is analyzed in \S3 (Closed form of tis solution is given in Appendix). Technically, this Section is the main part of this paper. By using Theorem B and results in \S3, Theorem A and B are proved in \S4, the last section.

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