A note on generalized Euler's formula

Let \(\mathbb A\) be a unital Banach algebra with unit \(u\). The classical Eules formula says that, for any element \(a\in\mathbb A\), the limit \[ \lim\limits_{\varepsilon\to0+}(u+\varepsilon a)^{[t/\varepsilon]} \] exists for all \(t\in\mathbb{R}^+\) and equals \(e^{ta}\) (\([\cdot]\) denotes the integral part). The paper deals with the problem of a characterization of those elements of a Banach algebra which may play the role of \(u\) in Euler's formula. The author introduces the class of admissible elements, i.e., elements \(j\in\mathbb{A}\) such that, for all \(a\in\mathbb{A}\) and all \(\lambda>\| a\|\), the Laplace transform of \(t\mapsto (j+\varepsilon a)^{[t/\varepsilon]}\) converges. The main result of the paper reads as follows. Theorem. The following conditions are equivalent: \begin{itemize} \item \(j\) is admissible; \item for each \(\lambda>0\), \(\lim_{\varepsilon\to0+}\int_0^\infty e^{-\lambda t}j^{[t/\varepsilon]}\,dt\) exists; \item \(\lim_{\mu\to1+}(\mu-1)(\mu u-j)^{-1}\) exists; \item either \(1\) does not belong to the spectrum of \(j\) or \(1\) is an isolated point of the spectrum in which the resolvent of \(j\) has a pole of order \(1\); \item \(\lim_{t\to\infty} e^{t(j-u)}\) exists; \item for any \(a\in\mathbb{A}\), \(\lim_{\varepsilon\to0+}e^{t(\varepsilon^{-1}(j-u)+a)}\) exists for \(t>0\); \item for any \(a\in\mathbb{A}\), \(\lim_{\varepsilon\to0+}(\lambda-\varepsilon^{-1}(j-u)-a)\) exists for \(\lambda>\| a\|\). \end{itemize}

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