Systems of sets of lengths.
The well-known result of \textit{L. Carlitz} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 11, 391-392 (1960; Zbl 0202.33101)] states that the length of factorization into irreducibles of an algebraic integer from an algebraic number field K does not depend on the factorization if and only if the class number is 1 or 2. \textit{W. Narkiewicz} [Elementary and analytic theory of algebraic numbers (1974; Zbl 0276.12002) (2nd ed. 1990; Zbl 0717.11045)] asked about a pure arithmetical description of number fields with a given class number (Unsolved Problem No.32) or, more generally, with a given class group. This was done by the reviewer [Colloq. Math. 48, 265-267 (1984; Zbl 0557.12004)]; the solution was based on the properties of absolutely irreducible elements. The present author tries to answer Narkiewicz's question in ``Carlitz style, i.e. to characterize the class group in terms of lengths of factorizations. He proves among others that the set of lengths determines the class group up to a finite number of cases (theorem 2.3). The determination is unique for class groups of the form \(C_ n\), \(C^ n_ 2\), \(C_ n\oplus C_ 2\) or for class groups with small Davenport constant D (theorem 4). For \(D\leq 4\) the sets of lengths are given explicitly (theorem 3). All theorems are proved in more general setting for semigroups with divisor theory having a finite divisor class group with at least one prime divisor in each class.
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