Energy fluctuation relations and repeated quantum measurements

DOI10.1016/J.CHAOS.2022.111890MaRDI QIDQ2677080zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Stefano Gherardini, Lorenzo Buffoni, Guido Giachetti, Andrea Trombettoni, S. Ruffo

Publication date 12 January 2023

Published in Chaos, Solitons and Fractals (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.02593

zbMATH Keywords

fluctuations relationsquantum measurementsquantum thermodynamics

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Quantum measurement theory, state operations, state preparations (81P15) Statistical thermodynamics (82B30) Classical dynamic and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics (general) (82C05) Quantum dynamics and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics (general) (82C10) Irreversible thermodynamics, including Onsager-Machlup theory (82C35)

Abstract: In this review paper, we discuss the statistical description in non-equilibrium regimes of energy fluctuations originated by the interaction between a quantum system and a measurement apparatus applying a sequence of repeated quantum measurements. To properly quantify the information about energy fluctuations, both the exchanged heat probability density function and the corresponding characteristic function are derived and interpreted. Then, we discuss the conditions allowing for the validity of the fluctuation theorem in Jarzynski form $$, thus showing that the fluctuation relation is robust against the presence of randomness in the time intervals between measurements. Moreover, also the late-time, asymptotic properties of the heat characteristic function are analyzed, in the thermodynamic limit of many intermediate quantum measurements. In such a limit, the quantum system tends to the maximally mixed state (thus corresponding to a thermal state with infinite temperature) unless the system's Hamiltonian and the intermediate measurement observable share a common invariant subspace. Then, in this context, we also discuss how energy fluctuation relations change when the system operates in the quantum Zeno regime. Finally, the theoretical results are illustrated for the special cases of two- and three-levels quantum systems, now ubiquitous for quantum applications and technologies.

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Cites work

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Cited in

(2)

• Continuous measurement of energy for a two-level system
• Stochastic entropy production: fluctuation relation and irreversibility mitigation in non-unital quantum dynamics

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