Uniqueness results for special Lagrangians and Lagrangian mean curvature flow expanders in C^m

asymptotically conical Lagrangian Calabi-Yau manifold Fukaya category Lagrangian Floer cohomology Lagrangian MCF expander Lagrangian mean curvature flow Lawlor neck special Lagrangian

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Minimal surfaces in differential geometry, surfaces with prescribed mean curvature (53A10) Calibrations and calibrated geometries (53C38) Lagrangian submanifolds; Maslov index (53D12) Symplectic aspects of Floer homology and cohomology (53D40)

Abstract: We prove two main results: (a) Suppose

L

is a closed, embedded, exact special Lagrangian

m

-fold in

{m a t h b b C}^{m}

for

m g e 3

asymptotic at infinity to the union

P i_{1} c u p P i_{2}

of two transverse special Lagrangian planes

P i_{1}, P i_{2}

in

{m a t h b b C}^{m}

. Then

L

is one of the explicit 'Lawlor neck' family of examples found by Lawlor (Invent. math. 95, 1989). (b) Suppose

L

is a closed, embedded, exact Lagrangian mean curvature flow expander in

{m a t h b b C}^{m}

for

m g e 3

asymptotic at infinity to the union

P i_{1} c u p P i_{2}

of two transverse Lagrangian planes

P i_{1}, P i_{2}

in

{m a t h b b C}^{m}

. Then

L

is one of the explicit family of examples found by Joyce, Lee and Tsui, arXiv:0801.3721. If instead

L

is immersed rather than embedded, the only extra possibility in (a),(b) is

L = P i_{1} c u p P i_{2}

. Our methods, which are new and can probably be used to prove other similar uniqueness theorems, involve

J

-holomorphic curves, Lagrangian Floer cohomology, and Fukaya categories from symplectic topology. When

m = 2

, (a) is easy to prove using hyperkahler geometry, and (b) is proved by Lotay and Neves, arXiv:1208.2729.

Review text

A closed nonsingular Lagrangian \(m\)-fold \(L\) in \(\mathbb C^m\) is called asymptotically conical (AC) with the rate \(\rho<2\) and cone \(C\) if there exist a compact subset \(K\subset L\) and a diffeomorphism \(\phi:\Sigma\times(T,\infty)\to L\setminus K\) for some \(T>0\) such that NEWLINE\[NEWLINE| \nabla^k(\phi-\iota)| =O(r^{\rho-1-k}), \;r\to \infty, \;k=0,1,2,\ldots.NEWLINE\]NEWLINENEWLINE(Definition 2.9). Here \(\Sigma=C\cap\mathcal{S}^{2m-1}\), and \(\iota:\Sigma\times(0,\infty))\to \mathbb C^m\) is defined by \(\iota(\sigma,r)=r\sigma\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEAlternatively, \(L\) is called a Lagrangian mean curvature flow (LMCF) expander if the mean curvature \(H\) of \(L\) satisfies \(H=\alpha F^\perp\), \(F:L\to \mathbb C^m\) is the inclusion, and \(\alpha>0\) (Definition 3.10). NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINELet \(\Pi_1\), \(\Pi_2\) be transverse special Lagrangian planes in \(\mathbb C^m\). Then \(\Pi_1\cup \Pi_2\) is a Lagrangian cone in \(\mathbb C^m\). The main theorems of this paper are:NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE Theorem 1.1. Let \(L\) be a closed embedded exact AC special Lagrangian in \(\mathbb C^m\), \(m\geq 3\), asymptotic at rate \(\rho<0\) to \(\Pi_1\cap\Pi_2\). Then \(L\) is equivalent under an \(\mathrm{SU}(m)\) rotation, to one of the Lawlor necks \(L_{\phi,A}\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEIf \(L\) is asymptotic at rate \(\rho<2\), then \(L\) is equivalent to some \(L_{\phi,A}\) under an \(\mathrm{SU}(m)\) rotation and a translation in \(\mathbb C^m\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEIf instead \(L\) is immersed rather than embedded, the only extra possibilities are that \(L=\Pi_1\cap\Pi_2\) if \(\rho<0\) and \(L=\Pi_1\cap\Pi_2+c\) for \(\rho<2\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE Theorem 1.2. If \(L\) is a compact closed embedded exact ACLMCF expander in \(\mathbb C^m\), \(m\geq 3\), satisfying the expander equation \(H=\alpha F^\perp\), and asymptotic rate \(\rho<2\) to \(\Pi_1\cap\Pi_2\). Then \(L\) is equivalent under a \(\mathrm{U}(m)\) rotation to one of the LMCF expanders \(L^\alpha_\phi\). If \(L\) is immersed, then the only extra possibility is \(L=\Pi_1\cap\Pi_2\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE The definition of ``Lawlor neck [\textit{G. Lawlor}, Invent. Math. 95, No. 2, 437--446 (1989; Zbl 0662.49018)] is given in Example 3.9. A Lawlor neck \(L_{\phi,A}\) is defined as follows: Let \(p(x)=(1+a_1x^2)\cdots(1+a_mx^2)-1\), \(P(x)=\dfrac{p(x)}{x^2}\) and let NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\phi_k(y)=\int_{-\infty}^y\frac{dx}{(1+a_kx^2)\sqrt{P(x)}}, \;\phi_k=\psi_k(\infty), \;A=\int_{-\infty}^\infty\frac{dx}{2\sqrt{P(x)}}. NEWLINE\]NEWLINE Set \(z_k(y)=e^{t\psi_k(y)}\sqrt{a_k^{-1}+y^2}\), and write \(\phi=(\phi_1,\ldots,\phi_k)\). Then \(L_{\phi,A}\) is defined by NEWLINE\[NEWLINEL_{\phi,A}=\{(z_1(y)x_1,\ldots,z_m(y)x_m):y\in\mathbb R, x_k\in\mathbb R,x_1^2+\cdots+x_m^2=1\}. NEWLINE\]NEWLINE The \(L^\alpha_\phi\) found in [\textit{D. Joyce} et al., J. Differ. Geom. 84, No. 1, 127--161 (2010; Zbl 1206.53071)] and given as example 3.15. is defined as follows: Let \(P(0)=\alpha+a_1+\cdots+a_m\) and NEWLINE\[NEWLINEP(x)=\frac{1}{x^2}\bigl(e^{\alpha x^2}\prod_{k=1}^m(1+a_kx^2)-1\bigr), \;x\not=0. NEWLINE\]NEWLINE Set \(\psi_k(y)=a_k\int_{-\infty}^y \dfrac{dx}{(1+a_kx^2)\sqrt{P(x)}}\), \(\phi_k=\psi_k(\infty)\), \(\phi=(\phi_1,\ldots,\phi_m)\) and \(z_k(y)=e^{i\psi_k(y)}\sqrt{a_k^{-1}+y^2}\), then NEWLINE\[NEWLINEL^\alpha_\phi=\{(z_1(y)x_1,\ldots,z_m)y)x_m):y\in\mathbb R, x_k\in\mathbb R, x_1^2+\cdots+x_m^2=1 \}. NEWLINE\]NEWLINE The authors say that the restriction \(m\geq 3\) comes from results on the derived Fukaya category \(D^b\mathcal{F}(T^\ast\mathcal{S}^m\sharp T^\ast\mathcal{S}^m)\) by \textit{M. Abouzaid} and \textit{I. Smith} [Geom. Funct. Anal. 22, No. 4, 785--831 (2012; Zbl 1266.53073)], used in the proofs. But analogues of Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 for \(m=2\) can be proved. They are sketched in Remark 1.3. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe proofs use deep results from symplectic geometry concerning \(J\)-homomorphic curves, Lagrangian Floer cohomology and Fukaya category. These are explained in \S2 together with other important notions such as symplectic Calabi-Yau manifolds, and proved assuming that \((M,\omega)\) is a symplectic Calabi-Yau Liouville manifold of real dimension \(2m\) and that \(L,L'\) are transversally intersecting, exact, graded Lagrangian submanifolds in \(M\). Then each intersection point \(p\in L\cap L'\) has a degree \(\mu_{L,L'}(p)\in\mathbb Z\). If \(L,L'\) are compact, then they are objects in the derived Fukaya category \(D^b\mathcal{F}(M)\). If they are isomorphic in \(D^b\mathcal{F}(M)\), then for any generic almost-complex structure \(J\) on \(M\) compatible with \(\omega\), there exist points \(p,q\in L\cap L'\) with \(\mu_{L,L'}(p)=0\) and \(\mu_{L,L'}(q)=m\), and a \(J\)-holomorphic disk \(\Sigma\) in \(M\) with boundary \(L\cup L'\) and corners at \(p,q\) (Theorem 2.15, cf. Figure 1).NEWLINENEWLINESection 3 discusses Calabi-Yau manifolds, special Lagrangian submanifolds and LMCF expanders, and gives detailed studies on Lawlor necks and \(A^\alpha_\phi\). In \S4, if \(M\) is a Calabi-Yau \(m\)-fold, and let \(L,L'\) be transversally intersecting special Lagrangian \(m\)-folds in \(M\), it is shown that \(\mu_{L,L'}(q)-\mu_{L,L'}(p)<m\) (Theorem 4.3), and if \(L,L'\) are transversally intersecting, graded LMCF expanders in \(\mathbb C^m\), and \(J\) is any almost complex structure on \(\mathbb C^m\) compatible with \(\omega\) and \(\Sigma\) is a \(J\)-holomorphic disc in \(\mathbb C^m\) with boundary \(L\cap L'\) and corners at \(p,q\in L\cup L'\) as in Theorem 2.15, then \(\mu_{L,L'}(q)-\mu_{L,L7}(p)<m\) (Theorem 4.4). Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 are proved by using these facts in \S4.NEWLINENEWLINEThe authors say that the methods which they use to prove Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 are new and at least as interesting as the theorems themselves, and can very probably also used to prove uniqueness of other classes of special Lagrangians and solitons for Lagrangian MCF.

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