Pfister’s Theorem Fails in the Free Case

DOI10.1007/978-3-0348-0411-0_14MaRDI QIDQ2849463zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Martin Ames Harrison

Publication date 18 September 2013

Published in Mathematical Methods in Systems, Optimization, and Control (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1102.1768

zbMATH Keywords

sums of squarespositive polynomialsPfister theorem17th Hilbert problemfree *-algebras

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Hermitian, skew-Hermitian, and related matrices (15B57) Ordinary and skew polynomial rings and semigroup rings (16S36) Rings with involution; Lie, Jordan and other nonassociative structures (16W10) Arithmetic theory of algebraic function fields (11R58) Associative rings determined by universal properties (free algebras, coproducts, adjunction of inverses, etc.) (16S10) Sums of squares and representations by other particular quadratic forms (11E25) Fields related with sums of squares (formally real fields, Pythagorean fields, etc.) (12D15)

Abstract: Artin solved Hilbert's $17^{th}$ problem by showing that every positive semidefinite polynomial can be realized as a sum of squares of rational functions. Pfister gave a bound on the number of squares of rational functions: if $p$ is a positive semi-definite polynomial in $n$ variables, then there is a polynomial $q$ so that $q^{2}p$ is a sum of at most $2^n$ squares. As shown by D'Angelo and Lebl, the analog of Pfister's theorem fails in the case of Hermitian polynomials. Specifically, it was shown that the rank of any multiple of the polynomial $|z{|}^{2d}equiv(su{m}_j|z_j{|}^2{)}^d$ is bounded below by a quantity depending on $d$. Here we prove that a similar result holds in a free $ast$-algebra.

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Cited in

(2)

• On real one-sided ideals in a free algebra
• Pfister's theorem fails in the Hermitian case

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