Kakeya-type sets over Cantor sets of directions in R^d+1

Length, area, volume, other geometric measure theory (28A75) Maximal functions, Littlewood-Paley theory (42B25) Interacting random processes; statistical mechanics type models; percolation theory (60K35)

Abstract: Given a Cantor-type subset

O m e g a

of a smooth curve in

m a t h b b R^{d + 1}

, we construct examples of sets that contain unit line segments with directions from

O m e g a

and exhibit analytical features similar to those of classical Kakeya sets of arbitrarily small

(d + 1)

-dimensional Lebesgue measure. The construction is based on probabilistic methods relying on the tree structure of

O m e g a

, and extends to higher dimensions an analogous planar result of Bateman and Katz. In particular, the existence of such sets implies that the directional maximal operator associated with the direction set

O m e g a

is unbounded on

L^{p} (m a t h b b R^{d + 1})

for all

1 l e q p < i n f t y

.

Review text

For any integer \(d\), let \(\Omega\) be a set of directions which is a compact subset of \(\mathbb{R}^{d+1}\). A tube in \(\mathbb{R}^{d+1}\) is said to be oriented in direction \(\omega\in\Omega\) if its axis is parallel to \(\omega\). Then \(\Omega\) is said to admit Kakeya-type sets if one can find a constant \(C_0\in[1,\,\infty)\) such that, for any \(N\in\mathbb{N}\), there exists a positive constant \(\delta_N\) satisfying \(\delta_N\to 0\) as \(N\to\infty\) and a collection \(P_t^{(N)}\) of \(\delta_N\)-tubes of \(\mathbb{R}^{d+1}\) with orientations in \(\Omega\) satisfying the following property: if \(E_N:=\bigcup_t P_t^{(N)}\) and \(E^\ast_N(C_0):=\bigcup_t C_0P_t^{(N)}\), then \[ \lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{|E^\ast_N(C_0)|}{|E_N|}=\infty. \] Given a Cantor-type subset \(\Omega\) of a smooth curve in \(\mathbb{R}^{d+1}\), in this interesting paper, the authors construct Kakeya-type sets admitted by \(\Omega\) by making use of probabilistic methods relying on the tree structure of \(\Omega\) and show that, for all \(p\in[1,\,\infty)\), the directional maximal operator associated with the direction set \(\Omega\) is unbounded on \(L^p(\mathbb{R}^{d+1})\). To be precise, let \(\mathcal{C}_M\subset[0,\,1]\) be a generalized Cantor-type set and \(\gamma:\;[0,\,1]\to\{1\}\times[-1,\,1]^d\) an injective map that satisfies a bi-Lipschitz condition: there exist absolute constants \( 0<c<1<C<\infty\) such that, for all \(x,\,y\in[0,\,1]\), \[ c|x-y|\leq |\gamma(x)-\gamma(y)|\leq C|x-y|. \] Let \(\Omega:=\{\gamma(t):\;t\in\mathcal{C}_M\}\). Then the authors prove that (a) the set \(\Omega\) admits Kakeya-type sets, (b) the directional maximal operators \(D_\Omega\) and \(M_\Omega\) are unbounded on \(L^p(\mathbb{R}^{d+1})\) for all \(p\in[1,\,\infty)\), where \(D_\Omega\) and \(M_\Omega\) are defined, respectively, by setting, for any locally integral \(f\) and \(x\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}\), \[ D_\Omega f(x):=\sup_{\omega\in\Omega}\sup_{t>0}\frac{1}{2h}\int_{-h}^h|f(x+\omega t)|\,dt \] and \[ M_\Omega f(x):=\sup_{\omega\in\Omega}\sup_{P\ni x, P\parallel\omega}\frac{1}{|P|}\int_P|f(y)|\,dy, \] where the inner supremum is taken over all cylindrical tubes \(P\).

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