Witten index in supersymmetric 3d theories revisited
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Eta-invariants, Chern-Simons invariants (58J28) Semiclassical techniques, including WKB and Maslov methods applied to problems in quantum theory (81Q20) Symmetry breaking in quantum theory (81R40) Yang-Mills and other gauge theories in quantum field theory (81T13) Supersymmetric field theories in quantum mechanics (81T60) Applications of global analysis to structures on manifolds (57R57)
Abstract: We have performed a direct calculation of Witten index in N = 1,2,3 supersymmetric Yang-Mills Chern-Simons 3d theories. We do it in the framework of Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approach by putting the system into a small spatial box and studying the effective Hamiltonian depending on the zero field harmonics. At the tree level, our results coincide with the results of Witten, but there is a difference in the way the loop effects are implemented. In Witten's approach, one has only take into account the fermion loops, which bring about a negative shift of the (chosen positive at the tree level) Chern-Simons coupling k. As a result, Witten index vanishes and supersymmetry is broken at small k. In the effective BO Hamiltonian framework, fermion, gluon and ghost loops contribute on an equal footing. Fermion loop contribution to the effective Hamiltonian can be evaluated exactly, and their effect amounts to the negative shift k -> k - h/2 for N =1 and k -> k - h for N = 2,3 in the tree-level formulae for the index. In our approach, with rather natural assumptions on the structure of bosonic corrections, the shift k -> k + h brought about by the gluon loops also affects the index. Since the total shift of k is positive or zero, Witten index appears to be nonzero at nonzero k, and supersymmetry is not broken. We discuss possible reasons for such disagreement.
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