The 3x + 1 Problem and Its Generalizations

DOI10.2307/2322189zbMATH Open0566.10007OpenAlexW4246319563MaRDI QIDQ3680903FDOQ3680903

Authors: Jeffrey C. Lagarias 

Publication date: 1985

Published in: The American Mathematical Monthly (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL: https://doi.org/10.2307/2322189

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zbMATH Keywords

surveystopping timeergodic theoryiterationbibliographyhistorydivergent trajectoriesCollatz problem\(3x+1\) problemUlam problemSyracuse problemcoefficient stopping timeConway's resultfractional parts of \((3/2)^ k\)Hasse algorithmKakutani problemno nontrivial cycles

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Special sequences and polynomials (11B83) Recurrences (11B37) Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to number theory (11-02) Special sequences (11K31)

Cited In (only showing first 100 items - show all)

• Approximate Squaring
• On a generalization of the \(3x+1\) problem
• A topological approach to the Ulam-Kakutani-Collatz conjecture
• Endomorphisms of the shift dynamical system, discrete derivatives, and applications
• Analogues of the \(3x+1\) problem in polynomial rings of characteristic 2
• Nonclassical birational models for \(\operatorname{Spec}\mathbb{Q}\)
• Collatz on the dyadic rationals in \([0.5, 1)\) with fractals: how bit strings change their length under \(3x+1\)
• Injectivity and surjectivity of Collatz functions
• Generalized inverses and the total stopping times of collatz sequences
• Maurice Margenstern's contributions to the field of small universal Turing machines
• Results on the \(3x+1\) and \(3x+d\) conjectures
• A new statistic for the \(3x+1\) problem
• Unpredictable iterations
• Almost all orbits of the Collatz map attain almost bounded values
• Multiplication algorithm based on Collatz function
• On the combinatorial structure of \(3N+1\) predecessor sets
• The Distribution of 3x+1 Trees
• The \(3x+1\) problem viewed from another side
• Combining dynamic and static slicing for analysing assembler
• Conway's work on iteration
• Sorted fibs in base 3/2
• The \(3n+1\)-conjecture
• The Collatz conjecture in a group theoretic context
• On the probabilistic proof of the convergence of the Collatz conjecture
• Visualizing generalized \(3x+1\) function dynamics based on fractal
• Lower bounds for Z-numbers
• An automated approach to the Collatz conjecture
• An automated approach to the Collatz conjecture
• Functional equations associated with congruential functions
• The word problem for one-relation monoids: a survey
• Collatz conjecture revisited: an elementary generalization
• Novel theorems and algorithms relating to the Collatz conjecture
• Algorithmes pour vérifier la conjecture de Syracuse
• A Note on the 3x + 1 Problem
• On a class of 2-adic functions related to the ``\(3x+1\)-problem
• Increasing integer sequences and Goldbach's conjecture
• Imitation of an Iteration
• On heights in the Collatz \(3n+1\) problem
• A generalization of Everett's result on the Collatz \(3x+1\) problem
• Arithmetic sequences and blocks of powers of two in the Collatz array
• The Collatz conjecture and the quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator
• On consecutive numbers of the same height in the Collatz problem
• Inductive complexity measures for mathematical problems
• Structure theorem for \((d,g,h)\)-maps.
• [[Publication:6136713|The Collatz problem in \(\mathbb{F}_p [x]\) and \(\mathbb{F}_p x\)]]
• A Dual-Radix Approach to Steiner’s 1-Cycle Theorem
• \(3x + 1\) search programs
• A note on Mignosi's generalization of the \((3X+1)\)-problem
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• Two undecidable variants of Collatz's problems
• On the nonexistence of nontrivial small cycles of the \(\mu\) function in \(3x+1\) conjecture
• The 3n+l-Problem and Holomorphic Dynamics
• The \(3x+1\) problem: New lower bounds on nontrivial cycle lengths
• The Collatz conjecture and de Bruijn graphs
• Die another day
• On a generalization of the \(3x+1\) problem
• Functional equations connected with the Collatz problem
• A simple (inductive) proof for the non-existence of 2-cycles of the \(3x+1\) problem
• Complexity of Fractran and Productivity
• The Collatz problem
• Wildness of iteration of certain residue-class-wise affine mappings
• Universal pattern generation by cellular automata
• The ultimate challenge. The \(3x+1\) problem
• A \(3x+1\) survey: number theory and dynamical systems
• Some results on the Collatz problem
• A theorem about uniform distribution
• Representing the integers with powers of 2 and 3.
• A new look at the automatic synthesis of linear ranking functions
• Frontier between decidability and undecidability: A survey
• The real 3x+1 problem
• Random sequence generation by cellular automata
• The \(3x+1\) problem: a lower bound hypothesis
• Maximum excursion and stopping time record-holders for the problem: Computational results
• A generalization of the Syracuse algorithm in \({\mathbb{F}}_ q[x]\)
• Lower bounds for the total stopping time of 3𝑥+1 iterates
• On the joint subword complexity of automatic sequences
• The sufficiency of arithmetic progressions for the 3𝑥+1 Conjecture
• A Collatz-type conjecture on the set of rational numbers
• Global asymptotic stability for minimum-delay difference equations
• Criteria of measure-preserving for \(p^k\)-Lipschitz mappings
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• Busy beaver competition and Collatz-like problems
• Periodic solutions to some difference equations over the integers
• A generalization of Dirichlet approximation theorem for the affine actions on real line
• The 3x+1 Problem: An Overview
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• The Collatz problem in the light of an infinite free semigroup
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• On conjugacies of the \(3x+1\) map induced by continuous endomorphisms of the shift dynamical system
• Periodicity and boundedness for the integer solutions to a minimum-delay difference equation
• Small Turing machines and generalized busy beaver competition
• On some difference equations with eventually periodic solutions
• Some remarks about the Collatz problem
• The \(3x+1\) problem as a string rewriting system
• A randomized version of the Collatz \(3x + 1\) problem
• The autoconjugacy of the \(3x+1\) function.
• Averaging structure in the \(3x+1\) problem
• Model-checking \(\mathrm{CTL}^*\) over flat Presburger counter systems

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