The 3x + 1 Problem and Its Generalizations

DOI10.2307/2322189zbMATH Open0566.10007OpenAlexW4246319563MaRDI QIDQ3680903FDOQ3680903

Jeffrey C. Lagarias

Publication date: 1985

Published in: The American Mathematical Monthly (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL: https://doi.org/10.2307/2322189

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zbMATH Keywords

surveystopping timeergodic theoryiterationbibliographyhistorydivergent trajectoriesCollatz problem\(3x+1\) problemUlam problemSyracuse problemcoefficient stopping timeConway's resultfractional parts of \((3/2)^ k\)Hasse algorithmKakutani problemno nontrivial cycles

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Special sequences and polynomials (11B83) Recurrences (11B37) Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to number theory (11-02) Special sequences (11K31)

Cited In (only showing first 100 items - show all)

• Approximate Squaring
• THE 3x+1 PROBLEM VIEWED FROM ANOTHER SIDE
• On a generalization of the \(3x+1\) problem
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• A topological approach to the Ulam-Kakutani-Collatz conjecture
• Nonclassical birational models for \(\operatorname{Spec}\mathbb{Q}\)
• Injectivity and surjectivity of Collatz functions
• Generalized inverses and the total stopping times of collatz sequences
• On the \(3x+1\) problem
• A new statistic for the \(3x+1\) problem
• Teaching the computer how to discover(!) and then prove(!!) (all by itself(!!!)) analogues of Collatz's notorious 3x + 1 conjecture
• Almost all orbits of the Collatz map attain almost bounded values
• Multiplication algorithm based on Collatz function
• On the combinatorial structure of \(3N+1\) predecessor sets
• The Distribution of 3x+1 Trees
• Combining dynamic and static slicing for analysing assembler
• Collatz on the Dyadic Rationals in [0.5, 1) with Fractals: How Bit Strings Change Their Length Under 3x + 1
• Conway's work on iteration
• Sorted fibs in base 3/2
• The Collatz conjecture in a group theoretic context
• On the probabilistic proof of the convergence of the Collatz conjecture
• Visualizing generalized \(3x+1\) function dynamics based on fractal
• Lower bounds for Z-numbers
• A prelude to the 3x+1 problem
• An automated approach to the Collatz conjecture
• An automated approach to the Collatz conjecture
• Functional equations associated with congruential functions
• The word problem for one-relation monoids: a survey
• Collatz conjecture revisited: an elementary generalization
• Novel theorems and algorithms relating to the Collatz conjecture
• Algorithmes pour vérifier la conjecture de Syracuse
• A Note on the 3x + 1 Problem
• On a class of 2-adic functions related to the ``\(3x+1\)-problem
• Imitation of an Iteration
• A generalization of Everett's result on the Collatz \(3x+1\) problem
• Arithmetic sequences and blocks of powers of two in the Collatz array
• The Collatz conjecture and the quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator
• On consecutive numbers of the same height in the Collatz problem
• Analogues of the 3x+ 1 Problem in Polynomial Rings of Characteristic 2
• Inductive complexity measures for mathematical problems
• Iterated strings and cellular automata.
• Structure theorem for \((d,g,h)\)-maps.
• [[Publication:6136713|The Collatz problem in \(\mathbb{F}_p [x]\) and \(\mathbb{F}_p x\)]]
• Maurice Margenstern’s Contributions to the Field of Small Universal Turing Machines
• A Dual-Radix Approach to Steiner’s 1-Cycle Theorem
• \(3x + 1\) search programs
• Embedding the 3x + 1 Conjecture in a 3x + d Context
• A note on Mignosi's generalization of the \((3X+1)\)-problem
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• ON CONJUGATES OF COLLATZ-TYPE MAPPINGS
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• Information: The Algorithmic Paradigm
• Circular slider graphs: de Bruijn, Kautz, Rauzy, lamplighters and spiders
• Some extensions of Collatz (periodic) conjecture
• The Collatz conjecture \& non-Archimedean spectral theory. I: Arithmetic dynamical systems and non-Archimedean value distribution theory
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• An Undecidable Permutation of the Natural Numbers
• Exploring the \(3x+1\) problem. I.
• A note on some piecewise-linear difference equations with Mersenne-type periodic solutions
• On the stopping time of the Collatz map in \(\mathbb{F}_2 [x]\)
• Bounds for zeros of Collatz polynomials, with necessary and sufficient strictness conditions
• Real 3𝑥+1
• Topological properties of certain iterated entire maps
• 3x+1 inverse orbit generating functions almost always have natural boundaries
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• A Family of Iterated Maps on Natural Numbers
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• A matricial view of the Collatz conjecture
• Parity sequences of the 3x+1 map on the 2-adic integers and Euclidean embedding
• Two undecidable variants of Collatz's problems
• On the nonexistence of nontrivial small cycles of the \(\mu\) function in \(3x+1\) conjecture
• The 3n+l-Problem and Holomorphic Dynamics
• The \(3x+1\) problem: New lower bounds on nontrivial cycle lengths
• The Collatz conjecture and de Bruijn graphs
• Die another day
• On a generalization of the \(3x+1\) problem
• Functional equations connected with the Collatz problem
• A simple (inductive) proof for the non-existence of 2-cycles of the \(3x+1\) problem
• Complexity of Fractran and Productivity
• The Collatz problem
• Endomorphisms of the shift dynamical system, discrete derivatives, and applications
• Wildness of iteration of certain residue-class-wise affine mappings
• Universal pattern generation by cellular automata
• Some results on the Collatz problem
• A theorem about uniform distribution
• Representing the integers with powers of 2 and 3.
• A new look at the automatic synthesis of linear ranking functions
• Frontier between decidability and undecidability: A survey
• The real 3x+1 problem
• Random sequence generation by cellular automata
• The \(3x+1\) problem: a lower bound hypothesis
• Maximum excursion and stopping time record-holders for the problem: Computational results
• A generalization of the Syracuse algorithm in \({\mathbb{F}}_ q[x]\)
• Resolving Toric Varieties with Nash Blowups
• Lower bounds for the total stopping time of 3𝑥+1 iterates
• On the joint subword complexity of automatic sequences
• The sufficiency of arithmetic progressions for the 3𝑥+1 Conjecture

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