Existence of non-trivial limit cycles in Abel equations with symmetries
Nonlinear ordinary differential equations and systems (34A34) Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds, Hilbert's 16th problem and ramifications) for ordinary differential equations (34C07) Symmetries, invariants of ordinary differential equations (34C14) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Periodic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C25) Periodic orbits of vector fields and flows (37C27)
Consider the family of generalized Abel equations NEWLINE\[NEWLINEx'=a_1A_1(t)x^{n_1}+a_2A_2(t)x^{n_2}+a_3A_3(t)x^{n_3},NEWLINE\]NEWLINE where \(a_k\) are real numbers, \(A_k\) are analytic \(2\pi\)-periodic functions and \(n_1,n_2,n_3\geq1\) are different positive integers. A \(2\pi\)-periodic solution different of \(x(t)\equiv0\) is called non-trivial. The authors assume that \(A_1(t)\sin(t)\), \(A_2(t)\cos t\) and \(A_3(t)\sin t \cos t\) are \(\pi\)-periodic positive even functions and that \(A_k(t)=t^{i_k}+o(t^{i_k})\) and \(A_k(t)=(\pi/2-t)^{j_k}+o((\pi/2-t)^{j_k})\) for some integer numbers \(i_k\) and \(j_k\). Then, they give conditions on these values to ensure that either the equation has no non-trivial periodic solutions or has at least one non-trivial limit cycle (isolated periodic solution). These limit cycles are proved to exist by studying the stability of \(x=0\) and the one at infinity. Finally other examples with limit cycles are obtained by studying second-order perturbations of simple generalized Abel equations exhibiting continua of periodic solutions.
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