A Riccati differential equation and free subgroup numbers for lifts of PSL₂( Z) modulo prime powers

DOI10.1016/J.JCTA.2013.08.002MaRDI QIDQ388726zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors C. Krattenthaler, T. W. Müller

Publication date 6 January 2014

Published in Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.2947

zbMATH Keywords

free subgroup numbershypergeometric seriesinhomogeneous modular groupPadé approximantpolynomial recurrences

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Exact enumeration problems, generating functions (05A15) Congruences; primitive roots; residue systems (11A07) Subgroup theorems; subgroup growth (20E07)

Abstract: It is shown that the number $f_{l}ambda$ of free subgroups of index $6lambda$ in the modular group $$, when considered modulo a prime power $p^{a}l$ with $pge5$, is always (ultimately) periodic. In fact, an analogous result is established for a one-parameter family of lifts of the modular group (containing $$ as a special case), and for a one-parameter family of lifts of the Hecke group $mathfrakH(4)=C_2\ast C_4$. All this is achieved by explicitly determining Pad'e approximants to solutions of a certain multi-parameter family of Riccati differential equations. Our main results complement previous work by Kauers and the authors (arXiv:1107.2015 and ["A method for determining the mod-$3^k$ behaviour of recursive sequences"}, preprint]), where it is shown, among other things, that the free subgroup numbers of $$ and its lifts display rather complex behaviour modulo powers of 2 and 3.

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Cited in

(4)

• Free subgroup numbers modulo prime powers: the non-periodic case
• Modular arithmetic of free subgroups
• A case study in meta-automation: automatic generation of congruence automata for combinatorial sequences
• Periodicity of free subgroup numbers modulo prime powers

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