Approximating class approach for empirical processes of dependent sequences indexed by functions

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Abstract: We study weak convergence of empirical processes of dependent data (Xi)igeq0, indexed by classes of functions. Our results are especially suitable for data arising from dynamical systems and Markov chains, where the central limit theorem for partial sums of observables is commonly derived via the spectral gap technique. We are specifically interested in situations where the index class mathcalF is different from the class of functions f for which we have good properties of the observables (f(Xi))igeq0. We introduce a new bracketing number to measure the size of the index class mathcalF which fits this setting. Our results apply to the empirical process of data (Xi)igeq0 satisfying a multiple mixing condition. This includes dynamical systems and Markov chains, if the Perron-Frobenius operator or the Markov operator has a spectral gap, but also extends beyond this class, for example, to ergodic torus automorphisms.


The paper considers an empirical process of order \(n\) given by NEWLINE\[NEWLINE{U_n}(f) = {n^{ - {1 {\left/ {\vphantom{1 2}} \right. } 2}}}\sum_{i = 1}^n {(f({X_i}) - \int f\, d \mu )}, NEWLINE\]NEWLINE where \(({X_i})\) is a stationary process with values in a measurable space and with marginal distribution \(\mu \), and \(f\) belongs to a uniformly bounded class \(F\) of real-valued measurable functions on this space. Given a Borel probability measure \(L\) on \({l^\infty }(F)\), \(({U_n}(f), \, n \geqslant 1)\) is said to be convergent in distribution to \(L\) if \({E^ * }(\varphi ({U_n})) \to \int {\varphi (x)\, dL(x)} \) for all bounded and continuous real-valued functions on \({l^\infty }(F)\), where \({E^ * }\) denotes the outer integral. The main result of the paper gives conditions for the empirical process to converge in distribution in \({l^\infty }(F)\) to a tight Gaussian process.



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