Achievable spectral radii of symplectic Perron-Frobenius matrices

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dilatation Perron-Frobenius matrix pseudo-Anosov spectral radii

Matrices of integers (15B36) Uniformly hyperbolic systems (expanding, Anosov, Axiom A, etc.) (37D20) Dynamical systems involving homeomorphisms and diffeomorphisms of planes and surfaces (37E30) General low-dimensional topology (57M99)

Abstract: A pseudo-Anosov surface automorphism

p h i

has associated to it an algebraic unit

l a m b d a_{p} h i

called the dilatation of

p h i

. It is known that in many cases

l a m b d a_{p} h i

appears as the spectral radius of a Perron-Frobenius matrix preserving a symplectic form

L

. We investigate what algebraic units could potentially appear as dilatations by first showing that every algebraic unit

l a m b d a

appears as an eigenvalue for some integral symplectic matrix. We then show that if

l a m b d a

is real and the greatest in modulus of its algebraic conjugates and their inverses, then

l a m b d a^{n}

is the spectral radius of an integral Perron-Frobenius matrix preserving a prescribed symplectic form

L

. An immediate application of this is that for

l a m b d a

as above,

l o g (l a m b d a^{n})

is the topological entropy of a subshift of finite type.

Review text

A real matrix \(M\) is said to be Perron-Frobenius if each of its entries is nonnegative and \(M^{k}\) has strictly positive entries for some \(k.\) These matrices, among other, play an important role in the study of pseudo-Anosov surface automorphisms; for instance a pseudo-Anosov surface automorphism \(\phi\) has associated to it an algebraic unit \(\lambda_{\phi}\) called the dilatation of \(\phi.\) It is known that in many cases \(\lambda_{\phi}\) appears as the spectral radius of a Perron-Frobenius matrix preserving a symplectic form \(L.\)NEWLINENEWLINEIn the present paper the author investigates which algebraic units could potentially appear as dilatations of a pseudo-Anosov automorphism. Recall that a real number \(\lambda\) is called an algebraic unit if \(\lambda\) is the root of a polynomial which is irreducible over the integers and of the form \(p(t)=t^{g}+a_{g}t^{g-1}+\dots+a_{2}t\pm1.\) If also \(|\lambda|>1,\) \(\lambda\) has algebraic multiplicity 1, and for all other roots \(\omega\) of \(p(t)\) we have \(|\lambda+\lambda^{-1}|>|\omega+\omega^{-1}|\) we will say \(\lambda\) is a Perron unit.NEWLINENEWLINEThe main theorem of the paper states that, if \(\lambda\) is a Perron unit, and if \(L\) is any integral symplectic form then for some \(n\in\mathbb{N},\) \(\lambda^{n}\) is the spectral radius of an integral Perron-Frobenius matrix that preserves the symplectic form \(L.\) Note also that the proof of the theorem is constructive enough that it is possible to find a matrix for \(\lambda^{n}\) with the assistance of a computer.

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