An inner automorphism is only an inner automorphism, but an inner endomorphism can be something strange.

DOI10.5565/PUBLMAT_56112_04zbMATH Open1254.16032OpenAlexW2064301173MaRDI QIDQ433390FDOQ433390

Authors George M. Bergman

Publication date 13 July 2012

Published in Publicacions Matemàtiques (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1001.1391

zbMATH Keywords

groupsassociative algebrasLie algebrasinner derivationsinner automorphismscomma categoriesinner endomorphisms

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Automorphisms of selfadjoint operator algebras (46L40) Automorphisms and endomorphisms of algebraic structures (08A35) Automorphisms of infinite groups (20E36) Automorphisms and endomorphisms (16W20) Automorphisms, derivations, other operators for Lie algebras and super algebras (17B40) Factorization systems, substructures, quotient structures, congruences, amalgams (18A32) Functor categories, comma categories (18A25)

Abstract: The inner automorphisms of a group G can be characterized within the category of groups without reference to group elements: they are precisely those automorphisms of G that can be extended, in a functorial manner, to all groups H given with homomorphisms G --> H. Unlike the group of inner automorphisms of G itself, the group of such extended systems of automorphisms is always isomorphic to G. A similar characterization holds for inner automorphisms of an associative algebra R over a field K; here the group of functorial systems of automorphisms is isomorphic to the group of units of R modulo units of K. If one substitutes "endomorphism" for "automorphism" in these considerations, then in the group case, the only additional example is the trivial endomorphism; but in the K-algebra case, a construction unfamiliar to ring theorists, but known to functional analysts, also arises. Systems of endomorphisms with the same functoriality property are examined in some other categories; other uses of the phrase "inner endomorphism" in the literature, some overlapping the one introduced here, are noted; the concept of an inner {em derivation} of an associative or Lie algebra is looked at from the same point of view, and the dual concept of a "co-inner" endomorphism is briefly examined. Several questions are posed.

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Cited in

(11)

• Characterizing inner automorphisms of groups
• Inner automorphisms of presheaves of groups
• Inner autoequivalences in general and those of monoidal categories in particular
• Isotropy of algebraic theories
• Inner automorphisms of groupoids
• Covariant isotropy of Grothendieck toposes and extensive categories
• Locally anisotropic toposes
• Isotropy groups of free racks and quandles
• Inner automorphisms as 2-cells
• Double wreath quasi-Hopf algebras
• Naturality and innerness for morphisms of compact groups and (restricted) Lie algebras

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