Syzygies of Abelian and Bielliptic Surfaces in ℙ4
The main purpose of this paper is to describe the structure of the Hartshorne-Rao modules and the syzygies of the known smooth irregular surfaces in \(\mathbb{P}^4\) and to give a unified construction method for these surfaces via the syzygy approach. The abelian and bielliptic surfaces have in common that either their first Hartshorne-Rao module (in the degree 10 cases) or the dual of their second Hartshorne-Rao module (in the degree 15 cases) has up to twists a minimal free presentation of type \(0\leftarrow M\leftarrow 5R @>\alpha_1>>15R(-1) \leftarrow\dots\), where \(R\) is the homogeneous coordinate ring of \(\mathbb{P}^4\) and \(\alpha_1\) is of type \((M_{p_1}(y) M_{p_2}(y),M_{p_3} (y))\), each building block \(M_{p_1}\) (a Moore matrix) being a \(5\times 5\)-matrix with linear entries and depending linearly on point \(p_i\in \mathbb{P}^4\). The building blocks of the syzygies of \(M\) are matrices associated to homomorphisms of Heisenberg modules. The paper has nine sections and one appendix. In section 1 the authors recall the representation theory of the Heisenberg group \(H_5\). Section 2 contains a quick review of the construction of surfaces in \(\mathbb{P}^4\), via the syzygies of their Hartshorne-Rao modules (an application of Beilinson's spectral sequence); [see \textit{W. Decker}, \textit{L. Ein}, \textit{F.-O. Schreyer}, J. Algebr. Geom. 2, No. 2, 185-237 (1993; Zbl 0795.14019)]. In section 3 one reviews the minimal abelian surfaces in \(\mathbb{P}^4\) from a syzygy point of view (these surfaces are classified as the smooth zero-schemes of the Horrocks-Mumford bundle in a suitable twist) and one determines the shape of the syzygies of the minimal bielliptic surfaces. Section 4 introduces Moore matrices and syzygy matrices, which arise naturally as matrices representing certain Heisenberg invariant homomorphisms coming from the Koszul complex on \(\mathbb{P}^4\). Also in this section one establishes various relations between Moore matrices and geometric objects. It is well known that Moore matrices are the crucial ingredients in the minimal free resolution of elliptic normal curves in \(\mathbb{P}^4\). Similarly, syzygy matrices appear in the minimal free resolution of elliptic quintic scrolls. It is the study of the geometry of these scrolls which allows later on to get a hold on the syzygies of the modules \(M\). In section 5 one studies modules obtained by concatenating three Moore matrices, one investigates when these modules are artinian and one studies their linear and quadratic syzygies. One shows that these syzygies correspond to trisecants of certain scrolls (this is a crucial point in order to establish a correspondence between algebraic properties of the syzygies and geometric properties of the scrolls). Section 6 contains the main results of the paper, i.e. a complete description of the syzygies of the bielliptic surfaces of degree 10 and degree 15. In section 7 one reviews the abelian surfaces of degree 15 which arise by liaison and in section 8 one discusses the abelian surfaces of degree 15. Section 9 describes several types of \(H_5\)-invariant degenerations of abelian and bielliptic surfaces of degree 10 and 15. Finally, in the appendix by \textit{C. Ciliberto} and \textit{K. Hulek}, one shows that the union \(X\) of two quintic elliptic scrolls in \(\mathbb{P}^4\) intersecting along an elliptic normal curve defines a smooth point in the Hilbert scheme \({\mathcal H}\) of surfaces of degree \(d=10\), sectional genus \(\pi=6\) and \(\chi(O_X)=0\); the dimension of \({\mathcal H}\) at \([X]\) is 25. As a corollary one obtains that every small deformation of \(X\) is again a union of two quintic elliptic scrolls.
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