Remark on polarized K3 surfaces of genus 36

Algebraic moduli problems, moduli of vector bundles (14D20) (K3) surfaces and Enriques surfaces (14J28) Fano varieties (14J45) Rational and unirational varieties (14M20)

Abstract: Smooth primitively polarized

m a t h r m K 3

surfaces of genus 36 are studied. It is proved that all such surfaces

S

, for which there exists an embedding

m a t h r m R h o o k r i g h t a r r o w m a t h r m P i c (S)

of some special lattice

m a t h r m R

of rank 2, are parameterized up to an isomorphism by some 18-dimensional unirational algebraic variety. More precisely, it is shown that a general

S

is an anticanonical section of a (unique) Fano 3-fold with canonical Gorenstein singularities.

Review text

A smooth \(K3\) surface is a smooth projective complex surface \(S\) such that \(\omega_S \cong \mathcal{O}_S\) and \(H^1(S,\mathcal{O}_S)=0\). It is well known that the moduli space \(\mathcal{K}_g\) of smooth polarized \(K3\) surfaces \((S,A)\) such that \(A^2=2g-2\) is an irreducible quasiprojective variety. S. Mukai has shown in a series of papers that \(\mathcal{K}_g\) is unirational for \(g \in \{2,\dots,10,12,13,18,20\}\). However \(\mathcal{K}_g\) is not unirational for general \(g \geq 43\). In principle, the proof that \(\mathcal{K}_g\) is unirational is based on the fact that a general \(K3\) surface \(S\) is an anticanonical section of some smooth Fano threefold \(X\). This implies that the map \(\mathcal{F}_g \rightarrow \mathcal{K}_g\) is generically surjective, where \(\mathcal{F}_g\) is the moduli space of pairs \((X_g,S_g)\), where \(X_g\) is a Fano threefold of genus \(g\) and \(S_g \in |-K_{X_g}|\) is smooth. From this the unirationality of \(\mathcal{K}_g\) follows. The previous method raises the fundamental question when is a smooth \(K3\) surface an anticanonical member of a smooth Fano threefold. Suppose that \(S \in |-K_X|\), where \(X\) is a smooth Fano threefold of genus \(g\). Let \(R_X=\mathrm{Pic}(X)\) be the Picard lattice of \(X\) equipped with the pairing \((D_1,D_2)=-D_1\cdot D_2\cdot K_X\). Then there is a primitive embedding \(R_X \rightarrow \mathrm{Pic}(S)\) which maps \(-K_X\) to an ample class in \(S\) of square \(2g-2\). A smooth \(K3\) surface \(S\) with such an embedding is called a \(K3\) surface of type \(R_X\). A. Beauville has shown that the converse is also true, i.e., that every \(K3\) surface \(S\) of type \(R_X\) is an anticanonical member of some smooth Fano threefold \(Y\) [\textit{A. Beauville}, The Fano conference. Papers of the conference organized to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the death of Gino Fano (1871--1952), Torino, Italy, September 29--October 5, 2002. Torino: Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Matematica. 175--184 (2004; Zbl 1096.14034)]. In this paper the author shows that the moduli space \(\mathcal{K}_{36}^R\) of smooth \(K3\) surfaces \(S\) of genus 36 of type \(R\) is unirational, where \(R=\mathbb{Z}^2\) equipped with the quadratic form \(70x^2+4xy-2y^2\). In order to prove this the author generalizes Beauville's proof in order to show that a general \(K3\) surface of type \(R\) is a smooth anticanonical member of a certain Fano threefold \(X\) of genus 36 with canonical Gorenstein singularities.

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