Optimal mixing in two-dimensional stratified plane Poiseuille flow at finite Péclet and Richardson numbers

DOI10.1017/JFM.2018.565zbMATH Open1415.76215arXiv1709.08454OpenAlexW3099544229MaRDI QIDQ4585865FDOQ4585865

Authors: Florence Marcotte, C. P. Caulfield 

Publication date: 11 September 2018

Published in: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: We consider the nonlinear optimisation of irreversible mixing induced by an initial finite amplitude perturbation of a statically stable density-stratified fluid. A constant pressure gradient is imposed in a plane two-dimensional channel. We consider flows with a finite P'eclet number $Pe=500$ and Prandtl number $Pr=1$, and a range of bulk Richardson numbers $R{i}_{b}in[0,1]$. We use the constrained variational direct-adjoint-looping (DAL) method to solve two optimization problems, extending the optimal mixing results of Foures et al. (2014) to stratified flows, where the mixing of the scalar density has an energetic cost, and thus has an observable dynamic effect. We identify initial perturbations of fixed finite kinetic energy which maximise the time-averaged kinetic energy developed by the perturbations over a finite time interval, and initial perturbations that minimise the value of a `mix-norm', as defined by Thiffeault (2012) and shown by Foures et al. (2014) to be a computationally efficient and robust proxy for identifying perturbations that minimise the variance of a scalar distribution at a target time. We demonstrate, for all bulk Richardson numbers considered, that the time-averaged-kinetic-energy-maximising perturbations are significantly suboptimal at mixing compared to the mix-norm-minimising perturbations. By considering the time evolution of the kinetic energy and potential energy reservoirs, we find that mix-norm-minimising optimal perturbations lead to a flow which, through Taylor dispersion, very effectively converts perturbation kinetic energy into `available potential energy', which in turn leads rapidly and irreversibly to thorough and efficient mixing, with little energy returned to the kinetic energy reservoirs.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.08454

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zbMATH Keywords

variational methodsstratified flowsmixing enhancement

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Stratification effects in viscous fluids (76D50) Variational methods applied to problems in fluid mechanics (76M30)

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Cited In (11)

• Optimal mixing in two-dimensional plane Poiseuille flow at finite Péclet number
• Early evolution of optimal perturbations in a viscosity-stratified channel
• Péclet-number dependence of optimal mixing strategies identified using multiscale norms
• Optimal unstirred state of a passive scalar
• Mixing closures for conservation laws in stratified flows
• Bounding extreme events in nonlinear dynamics using convex optimization
• A prediction for the optimal stratification for turbulent mixing
• A parallel-in-time approach for accelerating direct-adjoint studies
• Mixing enhancement in binary fluids using optimised stirring strategies
• Optimal mixing in three-dimensional plane Poiseuille flow at high Péclet number
• A robust, discrete-gradient descent procedure for optimisation with time-dependent PDE and norm constraints

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