On the saddle order of polynomial differential systems at a resonant singular point
Explicit solutions, first integrals of ordinary differential equations (34A05) Analytical theory of ordinary differential equations: series, transformations, transforms, operational calculus, etc. (34A25) Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Transformation and reduction of ordinary differential equations and systems, normal forms (34C20)
For any system \[ \dot x = px +P(x,y), \quad \dot y= -q y + Q(x,y), \eqno{(1)} \] where \(P\) and \(Q\) are assumed to be complex polynomials of degree \(n\) without linear and constant terms, and \(p\) and \(q\) are positive integers with \(GCD(p,q)=1\), there exists a formal power series \(H(x,y) \) satisfying \(\dot H=\sum_{k\geq 1} L_k (x^q y^p)^{k+1}\). The quantity \(L_k\) is called the \(k\)-th saddle value of system (1); the saddle order of the system is the minimal number \(k\) such that \(L_k\neq 0\). It is proved that for system (1) with \(p=1\) and \(q=2\) for any \(n\geq 2\) such that either \(n+2\) or \(2 n+1\) is a prime number, there always exist polynomials \(P\) and \(Q\) of degree \(n\) such that the saddle order of the system is at least \(n^2-1\).
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