Obituary: On the mathematical contributions of Joram Lindenstrauss

DOI10.1007/S11856-014-1121-0zbMATH Open1301.01024OpenAlexW2015553672MaRDI QIDQ476486FDOQ476486

Authors Assaf Naor, Gideon Schechtman

Publication date 2 December 2014

Published in Israel Journal of Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.05213

zbMATH Keywords

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Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Biographies, obituaries, personalia, bibliographies (01A70)

Abstract: For $ninmathbbN$ consider the $n$-dimensional hypercube as equal to the vector space $mathbb{F}_2^n$, where $mathbb{F}_2$ is the field of size two. Endow $mathbb{F}_2^n$ with the Hamming metric, i.e., with the metric induced by the $el{l}_1^n$ norm when one identifies $mathbb{F}_2^n$ with ${0,1}^{n}subseteqmathbb{R}^n$. Denote by $el{l}_2^n(mathbb{F}_2^n)$ the $n$-fold Pythagorean product of $mathbb{F}_2^n$, i.e., the space of all $x=(x_1,ldots,x_n)inpro{d}_{j=1}^{n}mathbb{F}_2^n$, equipped with the metric ${\displaystyle }$ forall, x,yin prod_{j=1}^n mathbb{F}_2^n,qquad d_{ell_2^n(mathbb{F}_2^n)}(x,y)= sqrt{ |x_1-y_1|_1^2+ldots+|x_n-y_n|_1^2}. ${\displaystyle }$ It is shown here that the bi-Lipschitz distortion of any embedding of $el{l}_2^n(mathbb{F}_2^n)$ into $L_1$ is at least a constant multiple of $sqrtn$. This is achieved through the following new bi-Lipschitz invariant, which is a metric version of (a slight variant of) a linear inequality of Kwapie{'n} and Sch"utt (1989). Letting ${e_{jk}}_{j,kin1,ldots,n}$ denote the standard basis of the space of all $n$ by $n$ matrices $M_n(mathbb{F}_2)$, say that a metric space $(X,d_X)$ is a KS space if there exists $C=C(X)>0$ such that for every $nin2mathbbN$, every mapping $f:M_n(mathbb{F}_2)oX$ satisfies �egin{equation*}label{eq:metric KS abstract} frac{1}{n}sum_{j=1}^nmathbb{E}left[d_XBig(fBig(x+sum_{k=1}^ne_{jk}Big),f(x)Big) ight]le C mathbb{E}left[d_XBig(fBig(x+sum_{j=1}^ne_{jk_j}Big),f(x)Big) ight], end{equation*} where the expectations above are with respect to $xin{M}_n(mathbb{F}_2)$ and $k=(k_1,ldots,k_n)in{1,ldots,n}^n$ chosen uniformly at random. It is shown here that $L_1$ is a KS space (with $C=2e^2/(e^2-1)$, which is best possible), implying the above nonembeddability statement. Links to the Ribe program are discussed, as well as related open problems.

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