On the performance of high‐order finite elements with respect to maximum principles and the nonnegative constraint for diffusion‐type equations

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Abstract: The main aim of this paper is to document the performance of p-refinement with respect to maximum principles and the non-negative constraint. The model problem is (steady-state) anisotropic diffusion with decay (which is a second-order elliptic partial differential equation). We considered the standard single-field formulation (which is based on the Galerkin formalism) and two least-squares-based mixed formulations. We have employed non-uniform Lagrange polynomials for altering the polynomial order in each element, and we have used p=1,...,10. It will be shown that the violation of the non-negative constraint will not vanish with p-refinement for anisotropic diffusion. We shall illustrate the performance of p-refinement using several representative problems. The intended outcome of the paper is twofold. Firstly, this study will caution the users of high-order approximations about its performance with respect to maximum principles and the non-negative constraint. Secondly, this study will help researchers to develop new methodologies for enforcing maximum principles and the non-negative constraint under high-order approximations.



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